春秋青銅禮器銘文演變研究

Transforming Early China：The Development of Bronze Inscriptions in the Spring and Autumn Period

黃庭頎(Ting-Chi Huang)

指導教授 ： 徐富昌

國立臺灣大學/文學院/中國文學研究所/博士(2016年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU201610086

摘要

春秋時期不僅是中國古代社會發展的轉折點，也是商周文化的總結時刻，因此無論在傳世文獻或是考古文物都能看到顯著的過渡痕跡，尤其鑄勒銘文的青銅器，更是重要的研究史料。本論文主要從演變角度探討春秋青銅禮器銘文的外在特徵、文例表現、新見銘彙以及文字構形等方面，觀察其如何繼承西周金文之傳統，並開創戰國文字的新格局，從歷史發展角度定位春秋銘文所扮演之角色。
　　論文前二章屬於研究文獻與理論方面之檢討。第一章緒論主要闡明春秋有銘青銅器研究課題的具體意義，第二章綜論前人分期分域理論，以求尋找切合本課題的分期分域架構。論文後四章正式進入春秋銘文演變考察研究。第三章針對春秋銘文鑄勒位置、篇幅與主題等方面進行考察，通過銘文外在形式的演變情形，進一步認識春秋社會封建制度加速崩解，列國交往頻繁的歷史圖景。第四章主要從銘文篇章體式、作器動詞以及稱名結構之演變，觀察作器者與青銅資源、製作權力的新關係，以及時人對器物品質之不同追求。第五章討論春秋時期的新見銘辭。經過對個別銘辭意義、發展與流動之考察，得以看出不同時期或地域在銘辭使用上之異同，不僅提供社會史、思想史或文化史之研究的不同面向，也能作為青銅器斷代分域輔助標準。第六章藉由分析文字形體演變現象，探討春秋銘文的時代特徵，並配合分域理論對地域性特徵進行考察，探究春秋銘文的整體面貌。
本論文選擇以春秋青銅禮器銘文演變為題，正是認為銘文演變並非單純文字形體之改換，而是包括社會結構、思想文化與歷史發展的動態過程，它不僅封印了人們對青銅器、政治權力以及審美品味的想像，也反映了一個時代的動盪與變革。

關鍵字

春秋 ； 青銅器 ； 銘文 ； 金文 ； 禮器 ； 先秦

並列摘要

The Spring and Autumn Period was not only a turning point in the development of ancient Chinese society, but also marked the conclusion of the Shang and Zhou cultural era. The transmitted texts and archeological artifacts of the period show clear signs of this transition, and bronze vessels with cast or engraved inscriptions are particularly important as historical sources.
This dissertation examines the numerous changes Spring and Autumn bronze inscriptions underwent in regard to their location on the vessel, textual structure, use of new fixed expressions, character forms, and other aspects. It analyzes how these inscriptions continued the Western Zhou bronze inscription tradition, but at the same time gave rise to new regional scripts during the Warring States period. It defines the role of Spring and Autumn bronze inscriptions within the context of this historical development.
The first two chapters of this dissertation review previous scholarship and methodological concerns. The first chapter shows that while many Spring and Autumn Period bronze vessels bearing inscriptions have been unearthed, relatively little in-depth research has been conducted except in regard to the forms of the characters that appear in the inscriptions, and based on this defines the significance of this dissertation’s research topic. The second chapter analyzes the periodization schemes and regional divisions employed by archaeologists, art historians, and bronze catalogues, and proposes a new framework for analyzing temporal and regional differences within the Spring and Autumn period.
The four final chapters enter into direct analysis of the developments occurring within Spring and Autumn Period bronze inscriptions. The third chapter analyzes the placement location, length, subject, and other aspects of the inscriptions, and based on these changes in outer appearance, shows that the importance of bronze inscriptions gradually declined during the Spring and Autumn period. During this period, the location of the inscriptions gradually shifted to the outside of the vessel and the inscribed characters became smaller and more finely wrought so that the appearance of the inscriptions would accord with the aesthetics of the bronze vessel as a whole. Even the subjects discussed by the inscriptions underwent changes due to the rapid decline of the feudal order and the increasing frequency of interstate visits.
The fourth chapter challenges the established view that the style of Spring and Autumn bronze inscriptions is formulaic or rigid, and explores the historical information contained within the fixed expressions used in many inscriptions. From changes in the style of the text, the verbs used to describe the creation of the vessel, and changes in the structure of people’s names, it is possible to analyze the new kinds of connections that were established between the creators of bronze vessels, the sources of the bronze itself, and the right to produce a vessel. These changes also reveal people’s different pursuits in regard to the quality of the vessels they created. In addition, newly emerging ways of using people’s names not only reveal the unique historical characteristics of Spring and Autumn period bronze inscriptions, but also provide valuable information about the development of regional bronze cultures.
The fifth chapter discusses the set of fixed expressions that began to appear in Spring and Autumn period bronze inscriptions. Based on an examination of these phrases’ meaning, development, and changes in usage, it shows that there are regional and temporal differences in usage that reflect changes in the intellectual climate of the period. Thus they not only provide information about social history, intellectual history, and cultural history, but can also provide a secondary standard for determining the time period and geographic locale in which individual bronze vessels were created.
Based on an analysis of changes in character forms, the sixth chapter investigates the characteristics of Spring and Autumn period bronze inscriptions, and examines regional variance in order to more fully understand Spring and Autumn bronze inscriptions in their entirety. Finally, this chapter examines Bird Worm Script, placing it within the framework of the development of Chinese characters in order to examine the changes it underwent, and in order to understand the relationship between it and the characters appearing in contemporaneous Spring and Autumn bronze inscriptions. By means of this, its historical significance can be established.
The reason this dissertation focuses on how bronze inscriptions developed during the Spring and Autumn period is because this process was not limited to changes in regard to character form, but in fact constituted a dynamic process that involved social structure, intellectual culture, and historical developments. These inscriptions not only record people’s views of the bronze vessels, political power, and aesthetics, but also reflect the turmoil and changes of the period.

並列關鍵字

Spring and Autumn Period ； Ancient Chinese ； Bronze ； inscriptions ； Character

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