《論語》中的喪祭與鬼神觀研究

A Research on the Sacrifices and Ceremonies of Mourning and Spiritual Beings in The Analects of Confucius

許詠晴(Yung-Ching Hsu)

指導教授 ： 傅佩榮

國立臺灣大學/文學院/哲學研究所/碩士(2013年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2013.00222

摘要

本文以《論語》為中心，首先企圖藉由考察《論語》中對於喪祭禮儀的相關記載，剖析面對死亡時，喪禮對於死者及生者的處置、影響及功能。本文認為喪禮對於死者的處置包含形與精兩方面的安頓；對生者的處置則包含身心兩方面的安頓。《論語》對喪禮基礎有創造性的建構，喪禮包含對生者情感、心理需求的考量，認為父母對子女曾有身體照護，若不能為父母善理後事子女則會不安，成為行禮的內在動力。《論語》將父母喪視為人充分展現真情的少見場合，不能真誠面對內心情感要求則是不仁，本文認為由此可知真誠面對內心情感要求即是「仁」的必要條件之一，喪禮成為「啓仁」的關鍵事件。面對喪禮後接踵而來的祭禮，《論語》對於祭禮的重視始自齋戒等祭前的各項準備工作，並強調參與祭禮的恭敬虔誠，展現行祭者對於死者死生一貫的情感延續。藉由「慎終追遠」的喪禮至祭禮，將過去、現在、未來的時空貫通，展開以死亡作為承先啟後關鍵的延續視野。《論語》對於喪祭禮儀抱持高度重視，並否定虛應故事、毫無誠敬之意的行禮態度。如果僅單方面強調喪祭禮儀中生者的行為與態度，卻避開或否定行禮對象的存否問題，禮儀的實踐將淪為因循成規，或僅只是生者行為的表現場所。本文認為《論語》肯定死者成為鬼神受人祭祀，且由於尊敬鬼神故與之保持適當距離。由學習侍奉父母及生者，按部就班地才能妥當地侍奉鬼神。本文認為《論語》由喪禮指導「仁」的一種判準。另一方面，人死後成為鬼神死而不絕，生者對於父母、祖先的思慕之情藉喪祭禮儀連貫，《論語》中喪祭禮儀與鬼神遂構成一貫通過去、現在、未來的完整架構。

關鍵字

喪禮 ； 祭禮 ； 仁 ； 安 ； 鬼神 ； 《論語》

並列摘要

The Analects of Confucius is used as the basic data in the essay. First, it is intended to analyze how funeral deals, influences and functions to the dead and living when facing death by examining the contexts related to ceremonies of mourning and sacrifices in The Analects of Confucius. It is considered that ceremonies of mourning has two aspects of settlement toward handling with the dead including physical body and spirit (形與精); on the other hand, as it deals with the living, it has the settlement for both body and mind. The Analects of Confucius has creative construction toward the basis of the ceremonies of mourning. Ceremonies of mourning contains the concerns about the emotional and mental needs of the living. It is considered that children are taken care of by the parents, therefore if children could not deal with the arrangement of ceremonies of mourning well, they will not feel at ease about it which becomes the inner motivation to practice ceremonies. The Analects of Confucius sees the ceremonies of mourning for parents as the rare scene where people adequately show their true feelings, otherwise it would be seen as heartless(不仁). Hence here, it is from previous idea that facing inner emotion honestly is one of the essential requirements of “Ren”, which makes ceremonies of mourning the key event to “inspire Ren”. When confronting with the ceremonies of sacrifice following the ceremonies of mourning, what The Analects of Confucius values begins with every preparation such as fasting before sacrifice, and that it puts emphasis on the respect and piety for the participation of sacrifice so as to show consistent emotional continuity before and after the death of the dead from those who run the sacrifice. By ceremonies of mourning and sacrifice of “Let there be a careful attention to perform the funeral rites to parents, and let them be followed when long gone with the ceremonies of sacrifice…..”, death is seen as the key extended vision for the connection between the past, present and future. The Analects of Confucius highly respects ceremonies of mourning and sacrifice and denies perfunctory attitude without any respect. However, if the behavior and attitude of the living during ceremonies of mourning and sacrifice are emphasized singlehandedly, the practice of ceremonies will degenerate as simply following the rules or become the place where the living do their performance. It is considered in this essay that The Analects of Confucius approves the dead to become spiritual beings for people to offer sacrifice. Meanwhile, due to the respect given to spiritual being, people learn to keep an appropriate distance. By learning to serve parents and the living will one follow a step by step order to serve spiritual being properly. Here, The Analects of Confucius gives instruction to the judgment of “Ren” through ceremonies of mourning. On the other hand, as one becomes spiritual being after death without disappearing, the respect toward parents and ancestors from the living strings by ceremonies of mourning and sacrifice. Therefore, ceremonies of mourning and sacrifice and spiritual beings in The Analects of Confucius consists a complete framework connecting the past, present and future.

並列關鍵字

Ceremonies of mourning ； ceremonies of sacrifice ； Ren ； feel at ease ； spiritual beings ； The Analects of Confucius

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