耐高溫油脂分解微生物於廚餘堆肥化之應用及其堆肥之成熟度評估

Application of Thermo-tolerant Lipolytic Microbes on Food Waste Composting and Maturity Evaluation of the Compost

柯光瑞(Guang-Ruei Ke)

指導教授 ： 賴朝明

國立臺灣大學/生物資源暨農學院/農業化學研究所/博士(2011年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2011.00275

摘要

目前台灣廚餘回收後製作堆肥的問題之一為其油脂含量常太高，為探討耐高溫油脂分解微生物應用於廚餘堆肥化之可行性及評估其堆肥之成熟度。本研究先以桶式廚餘堆肥化試驗進行篩選適合的耐高溫油脂分解微生物，並以種子發芽率評估廚餘堆肥之成熟度；再以廚餘堆肥場現場的「廚餘處理機－靜置堆積」之二階段堆肥法，並配合接種耐高溫油脂分解微生物之廚餘堆肥化試驗，以探討廚餘接種所篩得之耐高溫油脂分解微生物對降低廚餘堆肥油脂含量之效果及酵素活性（去氫酶、多酚氧化酶、尿素酶）作為堆肥成熟度評估指標之可行性。
首先，本研究之桶式廚餘堆肥化試驗結果顯示，接種耐高溫油脂分解微生物可增進廚餘堆肥之微生物活性及促進有機質之分解，且接種耐高溫油脂分解微生物A31（Thermoactinomyces vulgaris A31）、B61（Bacillus circulans B61）與SH168（Brevibacillus borstelensis SH168）菌株者與未接種之對照組（CK）相比，可顯著降低廚餘堆肥中之粗脂肪含量達103至137 g kg-1（自107-144降低至3.08-6.57 g kg-1，降低百分率95.4至97.8％）及縮短堆肥成熟（發芽率達90％以上）所需之時間1至2週。本研究以整合粗脂肪降低量、CO2產生量、種子發芽率、種子發芽指數及中溫與耐高溫油脂微生物數量等參數進行供試菌種之計分評比，其結果顯示接種A31菌株對粗脂肪含量之降低、廚餘堆肥之成熟上皆有所助益，因此，其為後續廚餘堆肥化試驗之潛力菌株。
其次，本研究以廚餘堆肥場現場之「廚餘處理機－靜置堆積」之二階段堆肥化，並配合耐高溫油脂分解微生物A31之接種試驗結果顯示，接種A31菌株與CK比較，可有效降低廚餘堆肥之粗脂肪含量（自92-152降低至2-26 g kg-1 ，降低百分率83至98％）、促進堆肥穩定及縮短約1週之堆肥成熟所需時間。依據種子發芽率及發芽指數評估結果，經2個月堆肥化後之廚餘堆肥已無植物毒性且達成熟。
綜合「桶式廚餘堆肥化試驗」及廚餘堆肥場現場之「廚餘處理機－靜置堆積堆肥化試驗」結果顯示，耐高溫油脂分解微生物A31（T. vulgaris A31）可成功應用於廚餘堆肥之製作。
此外，本研究亦建議以下參數可任擇二至三項作為評估廚餘堆肥成熟度之潛力指標：發芽率＞90％、發芽指數＞50％、CO2產生量＜5.0 g CO2-C kg-1 compost-C d-1、去氫酶活性＜0.60 g TPF kg-1 d-1及銨硝比＜1.0。另一方面，去氫酶、多酚氧化酶及尿素酶活性在堆肥化末期均呈現穩定且無顯著差異之變化趨勢，亦均具有評估廚餘堆肥成熟度之潛力。

關鍵字

耐高溫油脂分解微生物 ； 廚餘 ； 堆肥化 ； 成熟度評估

並列摘要

One of the key problems on food waste composting was generally its high fat content in Taiwan. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to assess the feasibility of the inoculation of food waste with screened thermo-tolerant lipolytic microbes and to evaluate the food waste compost maturity. This study comprised of two trials. In the first trial, the barrel food waste composting experiments were carried out with inoculation of screened thermo-tolerant lipolytic microbes and the food waste compost maturity was assessed by seed germination test. In the second trial, a two-phase food waste composting of composter-windrow system was carried out to examine the ability of the screened thermo-tolerant lipolytic microbes to efficiently decompose food waste into mature compost and to assess the compost maturity by enzyme activities (dehydrogenase, polyphenol oxidase, and urease) in a compost plant scale experiment.
Results of the first trial showed that inoculation of food wastes with thermo-tolerant lipolytic microbes could increase the microbial activities and enhance decompositions of organic matter during barrel food waste composting. The inoculated strains of A31 (Thermoactinomyces vulgaris A31), B61 (Bacillus circulans B61), and SH168 (Brevibacillus borstelensis SH168) efficiently reduced the crude fat contents of 103-137 g kg-1 (from 107-144 to 3.08-6.57 g kg-1, reducing percentage of 95.4-97.8%) and reduced the maturation time (seed germination rate > 90%) of food waste composts for 1-2 weeks comparing the uninoculated controls (CK). The integrated scoring assessment of reduction of crude fat contents, CO2 evolution, seed germination rates, germination index (GI), and populations of mesophilic and thermo-tolerant fat-decomposing microbes showed that the strain of A31 was the most feasible and worth for application on food waste composting.
Results of the second trial showed that the inoculation of thermo-tolerant lipolytic microbe, T. vulgaris A31, to food waste significantly reduced the crude fat content of the compost (from 92-152 to 2-26 g kg-1, reducing percentage of 83-98%) and reduced the maturation time of the food waste compost for 1 week comparing with CK in the composter-windrow food waste composting system. Based on germination rate and GI, the food waste composts were phytotoxin-free and matured after composting for 2 months.
Furthermore, above results also suggested that inoculation of thermo-tolerant lipolytic microbe, T. vulgaris A31, showed the ability to convert food wastes into mature compost efficiently and successfully.
Results of the second trial suggested that the potential indicators of the food waste compost maturity were as follows: germination rate > 90%, GI > 50%, CO2 evolution < 5 g CO2-C kg-1 compost-C d-1, dehydrogenase activity < 0.60 g TPF kg-1 d-1 (fresh samples), and NH4+-N/NO3--N < 1.0. In addition, no significant changes in dehydrogenase, polyphenol oxidase, and urease activities showed the potentials to be used to evaluate compost maturity during food waste composting.

並列關鍵字

Thermo-tolerant lipolytic microbe ； food waste ； composting ； maturity evaluation

參考文獻

王俊傑。2007。嗜高溫菌的分離及其聚木醣分解酵素。國立臺灣大學生命科學學院微生物與生化學研究所碩士論文，臺北市，臺灣。

林景和。1993。利用廢棄菇類栽培介質製作堆肥之研究。臺中區農業改良場研究彙報，39：17-27。

柯光瑞、賴朝明、張政雄、魏嘉碧、楊盛行。2010。耐高溫油脂分解微生物應用於廚餘堆肥之製作及其堆肥成熟度之評估。中生質能源學會會誌，29：15-28。

黃茜渝。2007。具脂肪分解酵素活性之耐高溫微生物。國立臺灣大學生命科學學院微生物與生化學研究所碩士論文，臺北市，臺灣。

楊盛行、劉清標、陳顗竹、魏嘉碧、賴朝明、王一雄、趙震慶、洪肇嘉、李春芳。2003。台灣畜牧養殖及廢棄物處理時氧化亞氮排放量測及減量對策。全球變遷通訊雜誌，40：111-129。