將佛洛伊德精神分析引入馬克思主義:
阿圖塞意識形態理論之探討

本文以阿圖塞文章中的核心關懷: 意識形態為主旨, 整理並架構出阿圖塞的意識形態理論。在阿圖塞的著述中, 將佛洛伊德精神分析的方法引入馬克思主義, 因此本文從馬克思與佛洛伊德的核心概念出發, 接著進入本文的主題: 意識形態。探討馬克思與佛洛伊德各自對意識形態的概念後, 考察阿圖塞的意識形態理論, 第一部分, 著重在將佛洛伊德精神分析引入馬克思主義, 包含: 以「症狀閱讀法」來解讀馬克思著作; 以「問題設定」作為意識形態研究工具; 提出「多重決定」作為探討社會變革的概念; 「替換」及「凝縮」的辯證法。第二部分, 阿圖塞直接以意識形態作為主旨, 包含: 提出「意識形態國家機器的概念」; 意識形態的效果分析; 提出「主體」的概念與意識形態的關係; 建構「論述的理論」。透過本文的內容, 理解到阿圖塞理論上的創見, 關於意識形態各個面向的嚴謹理論捕捉, 並提出「個人」與「主體」之間不同的範疇而呈現出不同理論成果。

關鍵字

阿圖塞；意識形態；問題設定；症狀閱讀法；多重決定；意識形態國家機器；主體理論

並列摘要

This article takes the core concern in Althusser's article. It organizes and structure Althusser's Theory of Ideology. In Althusser's writings, the Freudian method of psychoanalysis was introduced into Marxism. This article starts from the core concepts of Marx and Freud, and then enters the theme of this article: ideology. Explore Marx and Freud's respective concepts of ideology, then examine Althusser's theory of ideology. Part one, The emphasis is on the introduction of Freudian psychoanalysis into Marxism, including: Interpreting Marx's works with the "symptomatic reading"; use“problematic” as a tool for ideological research; put forward “overdetermination” as an overview of social change ; the dialectics of "displacement" and "condensation". In the second part, Althusser directly uses ideology as the main theme, including: "the concept of Ideological State Apparatus"; analysis of the effect of ideology; put forward the concept of "subject" and "ideology"; constructing "discourse theory". Through the content of this article,I understand Althusser's theoretical originality about the rigorous theoretical capture of all aspects of ideology, and proposes the different categories between "individual" and "subject".