權利濫用之具體化：以拆屋還地案件為中心

Abuse of Rights: Focus on the Cases of Claims for Removal and Restitution on Real Property

董建廷(Chien-Ting Tung)

指導教授 ： 吳從周

國立臺灣大學/法律學院/法律學研究所/碩士(2021年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU202102972

摘要

按民法第148條第1項規定：「權利之行使，不得違反公共利益，或以損害他人為主要目的。」為我國禁止權利濫用之明文化，以防止過度極端的權利行使為目的，在實務上時常作為被告引為訴訟上抗辯的最後一道防線，總共累積了近三萬筆判決，其中拆屋還地相關的案件即一萬多筆，法院在判斷原告之訴訟上主張是否構成權利濫用時，如何操作權利濫用的規定進行具體化，值得研究整理。
第二章先由權利濫用的基礎理論出發，探討同為民法第148條的誠信原則以及公共利益，與權利濫用間的相互關係為何，分別以我國立法史、比較法上發展、各規定之功能的角度觀察，比較法主要以我國立法時曾參考的德、日立法例為研究對象，本文認為權利濫用應為誠信原則的下位概念，並且與公共利益是互相獨立而平等的規定。
第三章及第四章則是具體化的觀察，第三章先從比較法出發，考察德國及日本在實務上如何操作權利濫用，以及發展出何種類型，可以供我國參考。第四章觀察我國實務上發展，以適用權利濫用的拆屋還地案件為中心，整理法院如何進行權利濫用的審查，最後整理出七種類型：越界建築、借地建屋、合建契約、利用第三人請求返還、買受被無權占有土地請求返還、妒嫉建築、行政機關請求人民拆屋還地，在判斷上，重視主客觀要件的比重會隨著請求權人及被請求人的法律上關係緊密程度改變，有契約關係的當事人間，較重視主觀要件判斷，沒有契約關係者，則較重視客觀要件判斷。最後，也整理我國實務對於公共利益判斷的具體化，主要以利益衡量為判斷方式，並且適用上非常限縮，在判斷上常與權利濫用一起進行，並沒有明確區分。

關鍵字

權利濫用 ； 公共利益 ； 誠信原則 ； 拆屋還地 ； 利益衡量 ； 債權物權化 ； 民法第148條 ； 民法第767條

並列摘要

Abuse of rights is forbidden according to article 148 of Taiwan’s Civil Law: “A right can not be exercised for the main purpose of violating public interests or damaging the others.” Which is often claimed by the defendant as the last line of defense in cases. In practice, it has accumulated nearly 30,000 cases, of which more than 10,000 cases are related to claims for removal and restitution on real property. Thus, how the courts operate the regulation of abuse of rights in those cases is worth studying.
The second chapter starts with the basic theory of abuse of rights from the perspective of legislative history, comparison to German and Japanese law, and the functions of those regulations. Then, discuss the relationship between the principle of good faith and public interest. After those studies, this paper believes that the principle of good faith is the prior concept of abuse of rights, and public interest is in the parallel position with abuse of rights.
In chapter three, this paper looks into the opinions of German and Japanese courts on abuse of rights, which can provide comparisons to Taiwan’s courts’ opinion. In chapter four, this paper sorts out the types of Taiwan’s court’s opinion on the judgment of abuse of rights in cases related to claims of removal on real property. The result is composed of seven kinds of types: boundary encroachment, building on loaned land, co-construction contract, claiming removal by a third party, intentionally acquires land occupied by buildings without contractual rights and claims for removal, neighbor’s building in the purpose of obstruction, administration agencies claiming removal of private property. And found out that the judgment is affected by the contractual status between the plaintiff and the defendant. Last, this paper observes Taiwan courts’ opinions on judging public interest and found that the cases were judged by benefit measurement. Also, the courts intend to narrow the usage of public interest against private interest.

並列關鍵字

Abuse of Rights ； the Principle of Good Faith ； Public Interest ； Benefit Measurement ； Reified Contractual Rights ； Article 148 of the Civil Code ； Article 767 of the Civil Code

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