國際觀光需求研究─開放政策、匯率與世界遺產之影響

International Tourism Demand: The Effect of the Opening Policy, Exchange Rates, and World Heritage Sites

蘇鈺雯(Yu-Wen Su)

指導教授 ： 林惠玲

國立臺灣大學/社會科學院/經濟學研究所/博士(2013年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2013.00310

摘要

本論文包含三篇觀光需求的實證研究。第一篇研究台灣開放中國觀光客的政策對於台灣國際觀光需求的影響；第二篇則以可變參數模型研究實質匯率對於台灣國際觀光需求的影響；第三篇主要探討世界遺產對於國際觀光需求的影響，並討論其邊際效果的變化。

第一章
Chinese Tourists in Taiwan: Changes in Visa Requirements, Crowding Effects and Management Implications
2008年七月，台灣開放中國觀光客來台觀光，本研究主要探討中國觀光客來台是否會排擠掉其他國家來台的觀光客。然而，由於缺少資料，我們首先使用中國觀光客到日本觀光的資料作為參考，以探討開放中國觀光客自由行對於觀光市場的衝擊。同時，在ARIMA模型設定下使用介入分析 (intervention analysis) 與離群值偵測 (outlier detection)，針對來台的外國觀光客旅次，分析中國觀光客的排擠效果。結果顯示，即使台灣的觀光條件已逐步改善，中國觀光客對於來台的日本以及美國觀光客有顯著的排擠效果。顯示台灣目前的觀光條件仍不足，應再加以建設或是暫緩開放的速度。

第二章
Do Exchange Rates Affect International Tourist Arrivals in Taiwan? An Empirical Study Using Time-Varying Parameter Model
匯率對於觀光需求的影響在文獻上一直沒有定論，而傳統的時間序列迴歸分析總是假設參數固定，不會隨著時間而改變，然而，此假設相當不實際。觀察日本、香港及美國來台觀光旅次的資料，不僅是資料本身，其與其他變數的關係都有結構性的變動。因此，本研究使用可變參數模型 (time-varying parameter, TVP) 探討從1971年第一季至2011年第一季之間，實質匯率與台灣國際觀光需求間關係的穩定性。估計結果顯示，唯有當觀光客來源國的經濟景氣較差，或是其所得水準接近或低於台灣時，實質匯率對於其來台觀光需求有正向且顯著的影響。

第三章
Analysis of International Tourist Arrivals Worldwide: The Role of World Heritage Sites
本研究使用2000年至2009年間66個國家的資料，研究世界遺產 (world heritage sites, WHSs) 對於國際觀光需求的影響，並探討其邊際效果如何隨著擁有世界遺產數目的不同而改變。研究結果顯示，世界遺產對於國際觀光的確有正向且顯著的影響，且文化遺產的正向影響稍大於自然遺產，因此擁有世界遺產對於觀光經濟有所助益。此外，此正向影響會隨著擁有的世界遺產數目的增加而下降，但當一個國家擁有足夠多的世界遺產時，此影響又會再度增加，因此邊際影響隨著世界遺產數目的增加，呈現U型的影響效果。此效果雖具有地域性的差異，但是不同時間下的估計結果卻相當一致。

關鍵字

ARIMA ； 介入模型 ； 排擠效果 ； 世界文化遺產 ； 實質匯率 ； 時間序列迴歸

並列摘要

This dissertation includes three empirical studies on the tourism demand. The first studies the policy impact of Taiwan’s opening for Chinese tourists. The second explores the time-varying parameters model of the real exchange rate on Taiwan’s international tourism demand. The third investigates the piece-wise marginal effect of world heritage sites on the international tourism demand worldwide.

Chapter 1
Chinese Tourists in Taiwan: Changes in Visa Requirements, Crowding Effects and Management Implications
In July 2008, Taiwan passed legislation to allow Chinese tourists to travel to Taiwan. Even though this legislation has increased total inbound tourists, we are interested in potential crowding-out effects which may have a negative impact on Taiwan’s tourism. We analyze tourist arrivals from Japan, Hong Kong, and the United States to explore the crowding-out effect. Using seasonal ARIMA models with joint estimation of intervention and outlier effects, we find that Chinese tourists significantly crowd out Taiwan’s international tourists from Japan and the United States, but not those from Hong Kong, even with Taiwan’s increased tourism capacity. Therefore, our results indicate that Taiwan should either further enhance tourism capacity or decelerate its opening policy to avoid severe crowding-out effects.

Chapter 2
Do Exchange Rates Affect International Tourist Arrivals in Taiwan? An Empirical Study Using Time-Varying Parameter Model
There has been a debatable effect of the exchange rate on tourism demand. Not only the significance but the sign of the effect is questionable. Traditionally, time series regression model assumes parameters are constant over time, but this assumption is restrictive. For Taiwan’s time series data of international tourist arrivals from Japan, Hong Kong and the United States, not only tourist arrivals but also their relations with price factors would change structurally. Therefore, the time-varying parameter (TVP) approach is employed to explore the stability of influences of real exchange rates on Taiwan’s international tourist arrivals between 1971Q1 and 2011Q1. Allowing parameters varying by time, the estimated results indicate that the significantly positive effect of real exchange rates. However, this effect would occur only when the economic condition declines in source countries, or for whose income levels are close to or lower than Taiwan.

Chapter 3
Analysis of International Tourist Arrivals Worldwide: The Role of World Heritage Sites
By using the panel data of 66 countries between 2000 and 2009, we study the positive effect of world heritage sites (WHSs) on the demand for international tourism, and investigate how this effect changes according to different numbers of WHSs. Our results indicate that a country possessing WHSs would increase its international tourist arrivals, and the positive effect of natural WHSs is slightly larger than that of cultural ones. Therefore, a country possessing a WHS is able to benefit from the development of its tourism economy. Moreover, this positive effect declines as the number of WHSs rises, but when a country possesses sufficient WHSs, the effect increases instead. Thus, the marginal effect of WHSs exhibits a U-shaped pattern as the number of WHSs increases. In addition, even though the marginal effect of WHSs has a different pattern for each region, based on the time periods, the results are quite robust.

並列關鍵字

ARIMA ； Intervention analysis ； Crowding-out effect ； World Heritage Sites ； Real exchange rates ； Time series regression

參考文獻

Adams, P.D. & Parmenter, B.R. (1995). An applied general equilibrium analysis of the economic effects of tourism in a quite small, quite open economy. Applied Economics, 27. 985-994.

Airey, D. & Chong, K. (2011). Tourism in China: policy and development since 1949. New York: Routledge.

Andrews, D.W.K. & Ploberger, W. (1994). Optimal tests when a nuisance parameter is present only under the alternative. Econometrica, 62, 1383-1414.

Andrews, D.W.K. (1993). Tests for parameter instability and structural change with unknown change point. Econometrica, 61, 821-856.

Artus, J.R. (1972). An econometric analysis of international travel. IMF Staff Paper, 19, 579-614.