中國大陸政治貪腐問題的結構性根源：新制度主義視角

The Structural Causes of Political Corruption in Mainland China： New Institutionalism Perspective

康劍楠(Jian-Nan Kang)

指導教授 ： 張佑宗

國立臺灣大學/社會科學院/政治學研究所/碩士(2018年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU201800025

摘要

中國大陸近年來打響反腐之戰，其成效如何，若以國際透明組織歷年公布CPI指數與排名來看，效果並不彰顯。中國政治貪腐起因為何，引起筆者好奇。初步探究與了解之後，筆者發現中國大陸內部政治貪腐程度呈現「北重南輕內次之」的地理格局，而此現象幾乎沒有被當前政治學領域的國內外學者關注。圍繞中國大陸政治貪腐問題的起因、以及中國內部「北重南輕內次之」之地理格局形成與發展兩大困惑，展開本文的討論。

有關政治貪腐問題的起因分析，國內外學者已有大量文獻研究成果，本文考慮到各理論學派的長處與不足，利弊綜合考量之後採用新制度主義。並以大陸「江浙滬」、「東北三省」兩大區塊作為研究對象，收集相關數據指標以驗證新制度主義幾個重要命題，同時比較全球經驗與中國經驗之間的異同。在理論檢驗的過程中，筆者發現在公務員薪資水準、社會自由化程度、市場自由化程度面向上，中國經驗符合新制度主義相關論述，即中國經驗與全球研究並無很大差異。然而，在人力資本、社會同質化面向上，中國經驗無法驗證新制度主義中的命題，伴隨人力資本、社會同質化程度的提高，政治貪腐程度並沒有明顯的減輕。其背後因素可能與反抗渠道缺失有關，值得進一步的探究。

為了進一步釐清「北重南輕」格局形成與發展背後的結構性條件與政治貪腐程度之間的關係，本文將6個省級行政區劃的市場自由化程度、社會自由化程度、公務員薪資水準、行政層級&手續複雜性程度四要素進行評級，分為：結構性條件相對優勢、結構性條件相對中等、結構性條件相對劣勢三組。通過比較6個省級行政區劃歷年結構性條件以及政治貪腐程度的發展與演變，筆者的研究結果如下：

第一，原始狀態為多種結構性條件相對優勢的地區，其後期結構性條件的發展更加穩定，與此同時，其政治貪腐程度走勢也更加穩定，相對不容易惡化。第二，長期的結構性條件改善，有助於政治貪腐程度的減輕；長期的結構性條件惡化，會引發政治貪腐程度的加重。第三，政治貪腐程度的變化，不僅要考慮所在地結構性條件的原始狀態，而且也要考慮所在地結構性條件的後續發展。

關鍵字

政治貪腐；新制度主義；結構性條件；北重南輕格局；起因分析

並列摘要

Chinese government pays close attention to political corruption and puts efforts into anti-corruption campaign. However, the outcome is unsatisfactory. Why the problem of political corruption is so hard to solve? By preliminary collecting and analyzing corruption data, we found that in Mainland China, the problem of political corruption presents a unique geographical pattern. The problem of political corruption is more serious in northern China. The southern part of China has a good performance in this problem. The middle part is between the northern and the southern parts. Hardly any domestic and foreign scholars paid attention to this unique geographical pattern. What causes the emergence and development of this geographical pattern has aroused my curiosity.

Based on the analysis of the causes of political corruption, scholars at home and abroad have done a lot of literature research. Considering the advantages and disadvantages of all theoretical schools, this paper adopts the new institutionalism after considering the advantages and disadvantages comprehensively. Taking the two blocks of China—northern part and southern part as the research object, we collect relevant data indicators to verify several important propositions of new institutionalism, and compare the similarities and differences between global experience and Chinese experience. In the process of theoretical examination, the author finds that China's experience is consistent with new institutionalism in the aspect of civil servants' salary level, degree of social liberalization and market liberalization. That is, Chinese experience is not very different from global research. However, in the face of human capital and social homogenization, Chinese experience cannot verify the proposition in new institutionalism. With the increase of human capital and social homogenization, the degree of political corruption has not been significantly reduced. The behind factors may be related to the lack of resistance channels, and it is worth further exploration.

In order to further clarify the relationship between the structural condition of "North South" pattern and the development of political corruption, this paper divided 6 provinces into three groups according to four factors (the degree of the market liberalization, social freedom, civil servants salary level, administrative level and degree of complex procedures) as: advantage structural conditions, neutral structural conditions, and disadvantage structural conditions. By comparing the structural conditions of 6 provinces over the years and the development and evolution of the degree of political corruption, the author's research results are as follows:

First, the development of the latter's structural conditions is more stable when the original state owns advantage structural conditions. Meanwhile, the political corruption level is more stable and relatively easy to deteriorate. Second, long-term structural improvement will help to reduce the degree of political corruption. The deterioration of long-term structural conditions will aggravate the degree of political corruption. Third, the change of political corruption should not only consider the original state of the structural conditions of the locality, but also consider the subsequent development of the structural conditions of the locality.

並列關鍵字

Political Corruption ； New Institutionalism ； Structural Condition ； North-South Pattern ； Cause analysis

參考文獻

1. 于有慧. 列寧式黨國體制與中國貪腐問題的發展. 中國大陸研究, 2013, 56.1: 127-147.

4. 余一鳴. "從個人貪腐到組織腐化的歷程探索-以 Bandura 的道德疏離理論為分析架構." 臺灣民主季刊 9.2 (2012): 1-38.

5. 林向愷. "貪腐與民主." 臺灣民主季刊, 第五卷第三期, 頁 (2008): 167-176.

6. 林宗弘, 韓佳. 政治貪腐的制度理論: 以亞洲各國為例的分析[J]. 台灣政治學刊》, 十二卷一期, 2008: 1-28.

10. 彭立忠,張裕衢.華人四地貪腐程度之比較—以貪腐成因為分析途徑. 公共行政學報 (政大), 2007, 24: 103-135.