考量環境成本下的運輸模式選擇

Examining the effects of environmental costs on transport mode choice

呂存智(Chun-Chih Lu)

指導教授 ： 蔣明晃

國立臺灣大學/管理學院/商學研究所/碩士(2011年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2011.10163

摘要

傳統上，面對運輸模式選擇時，物流成本考慮的是運輸成本與庫存持有成本，近來，全球暖化與環境衝擊的議題受到愈來愈多的關注，全球約有高達30%的能源係消耗在交通運輸方面，隨著環保意識的成熟和碳交易市場的推展，降低二氧化碳排放量的意義，不僅止於企業善盡社會責任的理念，更將成為攸關成本的決策因素之一。
本研究重新探討運輸中所發生的各項物流活動，以環境衝擊將有其貨幣成本的觀點出發，除運費與庫存持有成本外，加入新的環境成本構面，考慮運輸與倉儲活動雙方面所產生的環境成本，目的係提供一個更全面的物流成本模型，供企業在面對多種國際運輸模式選擇與環境衝擊議題時，能夠做出不同目標下的決策與比較。
本研究並將以一模擬案例來具體說明本研究模型的應用，觀察各種運輸模式在不同決策目標下所產生的模式轉換效果。綜合研究與分析結果，得到以下數點結論：(1) 考量環境成本時，運輸模式選擇會被導向非空運的模式。(2) 基於碳交易市場的推行，對環境成本的評估應不僅止於排放量，更應考慮其貨幣成本。(3) 當二氧化碳價格太低時，並不保證運輸模式必然能夠被導向二氧化碳排放量最小的模式。(4) 即使鐵路運輸的每單位運費和二氧化碳排放量皆高於海運，然而透過模型做各項成本構面的分析可知，鐵路是在環境成本的價格升高之下，兼顧經濟面與環境衝擊面的運輸模式，因此企業應重新考慮二氧化碳貨幣成本對總物流成本結構的影響和改變，以及選擇運輸模式的決策依據。

關鍵字

環境衝擊 ； 物流成本 ； 運輸模式選擇 ； 模式轉換

並列摘要

Traditionally, the transport cost and inventory holding cost are considered when dealing with the logistics costs of a transport mode choice problem. Recently, there has been increasing attention placed on the environmental impact caused by business activities. With the development of public environmental consciousness and EU ETS, reducing greenhouse gas emission has gone beyond a corporate social responsibility disclosure, it is about to become a new determinant with monetary values.
This paper aims to reexamine the logistics cost structure in a perspective of the environmental cost and its monetary value of both transportation and warehousing activities. A model is introduced to evaluate and explore the optimal choice for different objectives among various transport mode alternatives.
This model is demonstrated with a scenario to explain the effect of modal shift. The conclusion suggests that: (1) when environmental cost is taken into account, the optimal choice tends to favor the non-air modes, (2) due to the development of EU ETS, the evaluation of the environmental cost should be extended from emission to its monetary value, (3) the minimum total logistics cost choice is not always the one with the minimum emission when the emission price is not set high enough, (4) though the unit freight and emission of the rail mode exceed those of the sea mode, the rail mode is the best choice both in economic and environmental aspects with the emission price rising. Businesses should reconsider the influences caused by the emission price on the logistics cost structure and their decision making of transport mode choice.

並列關鍵字

environmental cost ； transport mode choice ； modal shift

參考文獻

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