論中國大陸國家安全立法對人身自由之影響（2014-2018）

The Impact of China's National Security Legislation on Personal Freedoms (2014-2018)

呂宜靜(Yi-Ching Lu)

指導教授 ： 曾建元

共同指導教授 ： 邱榮舉(Rong-Jeo Chiu)

國立臺灣大學/社會科學院/國家發展研究所/碩士(2019年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU201902672

摘要

自2012年中國大陸領導人習近平上任之初，強調欲「實現中華民族偉大復興的中國夢」並且要「完善國家安全戰略和工作機制，高度警惕和堅決防範敵對勢力的分裂、滲透、顛覆活動確保國家安全」。2014年中共中央設置國家安全委員會，習近平在該委員會第一次會議上首次提出「總體國家安全觀」，開啟「中國特色國家安全道路」，積極加強國家安全相關法制建設。顯示中國共產黨正透過調整其國家安全觀，建構更完整更有利於中國共產黨領導以及維持政權的國家安全體制。
本文主要從民主國家、憲政主義的視角，檢視中國大陸國家安全觀以及人權概念；觀察中國大陸以政治安全為核心的國家安全觀演變以及國家安全立法變化。聚焦在習近平時期2014年到2018年間，代表性國家安全立法內容：《中華人民共和國國家安全法》、《中華人民共和國反間諜法》、《中華人民共和國反恐怖主義法》、《中華人民共和國境外非政府組織境內活動管理法》、《中華人民共和國網絡安全法》、《中華人民共和國國家情報法》等等，賦予辦理危害國家安全案件單位：公安、國安機關、檢察院、法院職權與業務變化；以及對公民義務、權利變化。輔以遭國家安全事由限制境內外人士人身自由的代表性個案綜合分析，凸顯中國大陸國家安全立法與國際人權公約保障、社會普世價值之落差。最後，透過比對美國以及台灣的國家安全立法演變，加以凸顯民主國家與中國大陸國家安全目的、法制之不同。

關鍵字

習近平 ； 國家安全 ； 國家安全立法 ； 人身自由

並列摘要

Since Chinese leader Xi Jinping took office in 2012, he emphasized the need to "achieve the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation", as well as to "improve the national security strategy and working mechanism, to be highly vigilant, and to resolutely guard against hostile forces that seek to engage in separatist, infiltration, and subversive activities so as to ensure national security".
In 2014, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China set up the National Security Commission (NSC). At the first meeting of the Central Committee, Xi first called for "an overall national security concept", the implementation of a "national security system with Chinese characteristics", and also sought to actively push for the strengthening and enacting of laws relating to national security. This demonstrates that the Chinese Communist Party, through its adjustment and fine-tuning of the national security concept, is implementing a national security system that is more holistic and beneficial to the leadership of the Communist Party of China, so that it may maintain its political power and grip.
This thesis mainly examines both the concepts of national security and human rights in China from the perspective of a constitutionally democratic country; at its core, this thesis observes the evolution of the national security concept with China's political security, along with changes in China's legislation relating to national security.
Focusing on the years from 2014 to 2018 of Xi's reign, this thesis examines the following legislations relating to national security: "National Security Law of the People's Republic of China", "Anti-Espionage Law of the People's Republic of China", "Anti-Terrorism Law of the People's Republic of China", "Law of the People's Republic of China on the Administration of Activities of Overseas Non-Governmental Organizations within the Territory of China", "The Cybersecurity Law of the People's Republic of China", "National Intelligence Law of the People's Republic" et al., and how such legislations which grant authority to various agencies such as the public security organs, the state security organs, procuratorates and the courts, have altered these agencies' powers which in turn affect citizens' rights and obligations.
Moreover, this thesis also analyzes certain representative cases where the Chinese Communist Party utilizes law enforcement agencies to restrict the personal freedoms of both Chinese and foreign individuals in the name of national security. Such case examples only highlight the stark discrepancies between China's legislations relating to national security when compared to international human rights conventions and universally-accepted societal values.
Finally, by comparing the evolution of legislations relating to national security in the United States and that of Taiwan, this thesis highlights the differences in national security objectives and legal systems between democratic countries and mainland China.

並列關鍵字

Xi Jinping ； National Security ； Legislation relating to national security ； Personal Freedoms

參考文獻

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