漢娜·鄂蘭「惡」的思想探究及思考

「惡」（evil）作為人性探討議題的概念，時刻伴隨著關心和研究「價值取向」的政治哲學，自蘇格拉底伊始便被不同的思想家以不同的方式和角度詮釋。進入二十世紀以來，這一引發人們上千年討論的議題在經歷了戰爭與動盪後開始被重新思考。漢娜•鄂蘭是二十世紀最傑出的政治思想家之一，曾經受納粹德國統治以及猶太裔思想家的身份讓她對於思考「惡」的概念和內涵有著自己獨到的見解。作為對納粹德國極權主義制度和集中營的反思她提出了「極端惡」（radical evil）的概念；在經歷艾希曼審判後又提出「惡的庸常」（the banality of evil）的概念，這既是她最具代表性的理論，也是她最受爭議的理論；以上二者也共同成為了鄂蘭有關惡的思想體系的基本要素。本文希望重新審視鄂蘭思想脈絡中對「惡」的詮釋，探究「極端惡」與「惡的庸常」的內涵、原因及影響，並嘗試思考建構新的政治秩序以應對惡之可能性。

關鍵字

極端惡；惡的庸常；行動；判斷；政治

並列摘要

As a concept of humanity discussion issue, “evil” has always been interpreted by different philosophers in different aspects and theories since Socrates, along with political philosophy that caring and studying “value orientation”. Since the twentieth century, as an issue which has been talking about for thousands of years, evil has been rethinking since the twentieth century after the war and turmoil. Hannah Arendt, as one of the most outstanding political thinkers of twentieth century, has been expressed her personalized perspective of the connotation of evil from her past experience as a Jew in Nazi Germany. She proposed the notion of “radical evil” as the reflection on totalitarianism institution and extermination camps as well as the notion of “banality of evil” after the trial of Eichmann. It is her most representative but controversial theory. These two elements are also the basic elements of Arendt's system of thought about evil. The thesis attempts to re-examine the evil thought in Hannah Arendt’s thought thread, to make an exploration of the notions, reasons and impacts of “radical evil” and “banality of evil”. It also tries to consider the possibility of constructing a new political order to deal with evil.