台灣商業銀行應收帳款承購業務發展及風險評估分析

隨著競爭激烈的國際貿易市場持續發展，尤其在高度仰賴國際貿易的台灣，應收帳款承購業務已成為商業銀行提供企業客戶的主要貿易融資項目。銀行承作該業務除了需要分析申請方—交易賣方的信用風險外，必須連結交易流程查核、買方違約風險評估、信用保險公司承保額度、金流管理及逾期催收作業。不論針對承作發票的條件限制，或是風險轉嫁於信用保險公司，台灣每家商業銀行針對該業務的承作流程，持有不同作業標準及風險控管機制。本研究探討台灣商業銀行考量承作應收帳款承購業務的影響因素以及風險胃納程度，研究方法有三：一為利用文獻回顧法結合市場實務操作情形，質性分析該業務的風險及市場發展概況。二為透過問卷調查法，針對台灣正在承作應收帳款承購業務的商業銀行，詢問各家銀行的承作控管機制和風險胃納程度。三則利用實證研究分析應收帳款承購業務的影響要素。研究結果發現台灣應收帳款承購市場相較全球市場，屬於成熟階段，台灣銀行業者對於該業務未來發展與獲利展望持中立偏悲觀的看法；實證研究指出：一、國家承作應收帳款承購業務和國家出口貿易量成正向顯著的關係；二、企業金融無擔保放款金額、銀行逾放比率及是否加入FCI組織等因素，都對於銀行承作應收帳款承購業務量皆有顯著的影響。三、該業務有助於銀行交叉銷售，正向帶動銀行存款業務及獲利能力。

關鍵字

應收帳款承購；台灣商業銀行；信用保險公司；風險控管機制；風險胃納

並列摘要

With the fierce competition of international trading market, especially in Taiwan, accounts receivable factoring (“AR factoring”) has become one of main trade loans for corporate banking business. Conducting AR factoring, commercial banks should comprehensively evaluate seller’s credit risk, transaction process between seller and buyer, buyer’s default risk, insured amount, cash flows management and dunning process. Each of Taiwan commercial banks has different operating criteria and risk control mechanism. This research aims to investigate impact factors of AR factoring and bank’s risk appetite by three research methods. First, by qualitative analysis with literature review and market practice, the study outlines business risk and market development of AR factoring. Second, the research collects questionnaires about bank’s operation mechanism and risk appetite from Taiwan commercial banks. Last but not least, by empirical research, the study explores the impact factors of AR factoring. The research results show that Taiwan AR factoring market has entered in maturity stage. Bankers hold medium-to-pessimistic viewpoints to future business development. Furthermore, the empirical results indicate that: 1) Export trade amount increases AR factoring amount by country positively. 2) AR factoring outstanding by bank is signified by unsecured corporate loan, overdue ratio, and whether banks are members of FCI. 3) Factoring helps banks cross-selling, and improves deposit business and profitability.