文本內容中反芻類型、問題解決及適應結果：初探研究

反應風格理論（The Response Style Theory; Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991）論述當一個人採取反芻的方式來因應他所遭遇的憂鬱情緒，會導致更多憂鬱。爾後，研究者精細區分了反芻的不同類型，顯示應有在認知運作上較中性、少偏誤的反芻次類型，可能具適應性的功能（Trapnell Campbell, 1999; Treynor, Gonzalez, Nolen-Hoeksema, 2003），而這些具適應性的反芻次類型可能與個體想要得到覺察了解自我和解決問題有關（Aldao, Nolen-Hoeksema, Schweizer, 2010; Lyubomirsky Nolen-Hoeksema, 1993; Nolen-Hoeksema, Wisco, Lyubomirsky, 2008）。本研究回顧了其他反芻相關理論，包括目標進程觀點的反芻理論（Martin Tesser, 1989, 1996）、自我調節執行功能模型的反芻理論（Matthews Wells, 1999; Wells Matthews, 1996）、和互動式認知子系統架構的反芻理論（Teasdale, 1999; Teasdale Barnard, 1993），根據其對反芻的內涵論述，整理出四項反芻次類型：歷程的反思、自我專注的反思、分析式反芻、情緒的憂思。本研究將「問題解決」引入，探討反芻次類型、問題解決與情緒適應的關係。本研究收集117名受試者撰寫最難受、最挫折經驗15分鐘之文本進行分析，篩選92名有效樣本進入分析。根據文本內容分析方法（陳鈴、吳英璋、和林耀盛，2020）將文本由評分者區辨出前述反芻次類型內容，以及問題解決內容，並採用相對應之多項反芻自陳量表、社會問題解決量表、情緒適應指摽與之比較、統計分析。研究結果顯示：（1）本研究之文本內容分析方法具有足夠之評分者間信度，可測量四項反芻次類型；（2）歷程的反思與憂鬱為顯著負相關，自我專注的反思與負向情緒適應指標無顯著相關，歷程的反思與自我專注的反思在文本中有顯著相關，屬於適應性反芻；情緒的憂思與負向情緒指標為顯著正相關，情緒的憂思和分析式反芻皆與不具建設性之問題解決為顯著正相關，證實屬於不適應性反芻次類型；（3）不適應性反芻與負向情緒指標之關係受到問題解決之中介，即，不適應性反芻透過低正向問題定向、高負向問題定向、或高逃避風格導致負向情緒。文本內容分析方法不同於自評量表，是一具有生態效度與融合多元反芻理論之測量方法，然而目前結果仍有其限制，例如對無反芻反應文本之處置與解釋，有待日後研究修正與釐清。

關鍵字

反芻；問題解決；內容分析

並列摘要

Purpose and aims: The Response Style Theory (RST; Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991) has proposed that ruminative responses to negative emotions prolong depression. More neutral, bias-reduced rumination subtypes have been subsequently distinguished and related to adaptive outcomes (e.g., Treynor, Gonzalez, Nolen-Hoeksema, 2003; Trapnell Campbell, 1999). The adaptive rumination subtypes might be related to an individual’s intention to gain insights and solve problems (Aldao, Nolen-Hoeksema, Schweizer, 2010; Lyubomirsky Nolen-Hoeksema, 1993; Nolen-Hoeksema, Wisco, Lyubomirsky, 2008). Therefore, the present study reviewed rumination-related theories, including the Goal Progress perspective (Martin Tesser, 1989, 1996), Self-Regulatory Executive Function Model (Wells Matthews, 1996; Matthews Wells, 1999), and the Interacting Cognitive Subsystems framework (Teasdale, 1999; Teasdale Barnard, 1993). The theories were organized into four rumination subtypes: reflection of process (RP), reflection of self-focus (RS), analytic rumination (AR), and emotional brooding (EB). While most RST studies have investigated the psychological distress of individuals by comparing ruminative and distractive responses, we believe that problem-solving could also play a key role in adaptive rumination. The present study aimed to reveal the relationships among rumination subtypes, problem-solving, and psychological adaptiveness. Methods: A total of 117 participants were recruited and given 15 minutes to write an essay about their most distressful and frustrating experience. Next, the participants completed questionnaires, including the Social Problem-Solving Inventory-revised (SPSI-R), rumination-related questionnaires, and psychological adaptiveness measurements. Ninety-two qualified essays were coded by trained raters using the content analysis method (Chen, Wu, Lin, 2020). Five content codes were determined from the analysis: four for rumination subtypes and one for problem-solving. These codes were compared with the questionnaire scores. Results: (1) The four rumination subtypes were distinguished and validated using the SPSI-R and psychological adaptiveness measures. (2) RP was negatively related to depression, while RS was not related to any of the measures. RP and RS were correlated to each other but not to AR and EB in the text content. This indicates that RP and RS created a more adaptive type of rumination. EB was related to negative emotions, and both EB and AR were related to the unconstructive problem-solving factors of SPSI-R. This indicates that EB and AR are maladaptive subtypes of rumination. (3) The relationship between maladaptive rumination subtypes and negative emotions was mediated by the problem-solving factors of SPSI-R. That is, maladaptive rumination subtypes led to low positive problem orientation, high negative problem orientation, and high avoidance style, leading to more negative emotional outcomes. Discussion: Compared to self-report measures of rumination, the content analysis method used in this study is a more ecologically valid measure from the perspective of multiple-faceted rumination theories. However, the study has limitations and some aspects need to be further investigated, such as how non-rumination text content can be explained.

並列關鍵字

Rumination ； Problem-solving ； Content Analysis

參考文獻

Folkman, S. (1984). Personal control and stress and coping processes: A theoretical analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 839. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.46.4.839

Watkins, E. R. (2008). Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 163-206. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.163

王韋婷（2007）：《社會問題解決模式在台灣的適用性及其與壓力、憂鬱的關係》（未出版碩士論文）。國立政治大學心理學研究所，台北。