唐代的佛教文化與女子之孝

Buddhist Culture and Filial Piety of Females in Tang Dynasty

李筱萱(Hsiao-Hsuan Lee)

指導教授 ： 陳弱水

國立臺灣大學/文學院/歷史學研究所/碩士(2015年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2015.10273

摘要

本篇論文旨在討論中國佛教與女子孝行之關係，本文第一章論述儒家孝道思想與中國佛教的孝親觀念有何不同，尤其是對於女孝的論述。儒家之孝很多論述都著重於父子關係之上，且儒家的孝講究敬。佛教的孝親觀論述則是側重母親的角色，此外報恩觀念為佛教之孝的突出特色。第二章論述一般婦女信徒，佛教所產生的喪葬文化對於她們，或是她們的子女盡孝，有何影響與關係。一些信佛婦女一方面拒絕與丈夫合葬，另一方面則是積極要求歸葬本家，由此可見孝道力量之大，是一股足以與個人宗教信仰相抗衡的社會終極價值。此外從優婆夷與優婆塞的墓誌中發現，為母親建塔者，不少是女兒，推究原因一方面是這類家庭裡佛教通常為其家族信仰，子女與父母共享一樣的宗教，對於母親的喪葬選擇比較能夠認同。另一方面是女性似乎在面對傳統儒家觀念與宗教信念彼此衝突的兩難情況時，會更勇於追求宗教上的企求，而男性則較傾向於遵從社會禮法。第三章討論出家比丘尼的孝行，可以發現比丘尼們出家後，仍與家庭與密切的互動。而在出家大孝論的影響下，可見一些家庭在家中長輩過世後，讓女兒剃度出家，藉此來為先祖祈福的情況。

關鍵字

中國佛教 ； 女性 ； 孝道 ； 喪葬 ； 比丘尼 ； 優婆夷

並列摘要

This article aims to talk about relation between Chinese Buddhism and female filial piety to parents. The first chapter elaborates on the differences between the concepts of filial piety in Confucian and Buddhism theories, especially on that of daughters to parents. Many descriptions on filial piety in Confucian theories focus on son-to-father relations with emphasis on respect, while those of Buddhism feature the role of Mothers and requiting to parents. The second chapter discusses influence and relation of Buddhism funeral culture to the filial piety activity of some female Buddhists or their sons and daughters. Some female Buddhists refuse to be buried together with their husbands and on the other hand request to be buried as members of their blood father’s families, which is a manifest of how powerful the filial piety is as the ultimate social value to strongly weigh against personal religion believes. In addition, readings from the tomb of Upāsikā show that builders of towers for Mothers are mostly daughters. One of the reasons would be that belief in Buddhism is shared by parents and children in such families for generations, which make the funeral choices of the parents acceptable. In addition, when females face dilemma of choice between Confucian and religion, they tend to bravely pursue religious goal, and males otherwise. The third chapter discusses the filial piety of Buddhist nun who tend to maintain frequent interaction with their families on their monastic life. Under influence of monastic piety, daughters of some families will be asked to become nuns in temples upon death of elders to prey for their ancestors.

並列關鍵字

Chinese Buddhism ； female ； filial piety ； funeral ； Buddhist nun ； Upāsikā.

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