地衣芽孢桿菌發酵物對肉雞球蟲之影響

Effect of Bacillus licheniformis fermented products on coccidiosis in broilers

巫嘉敏(Chia-Min Wu)

指導教授 ： 劉?睿

國立臺灣大學/生物資源暨農學院/動物科學技術學研究所/碩士(2020年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU202000397

摘要

球蟲症(coccidiosis)是一種家禽腸道寄生蟲疾病,會降低家禽的生長性能
和導致高死亡率,故對家禽業產生鉅大的經濟影響。目前市面上多使用抗生素來防治球蟲症,過度使用抗生素易導致球蟲產生抗藥性,而畜產品中殘留的抗生素亦對人類食安具有潛在風險,因此發展天然安全的替代方案以控制家禽球蟲症有其必要性。地衣芽孢桿菌(Bacillus licheniformis)已被廣泛用於飼料添加物,具有促進動物生長性能、提升免疫能力,以及對抗腸道疾病等功效。其分泌的環形脂肽(cyclic lipopeptide)–表面素(surfactin)已被證實具有抗菌、抗病毒,以及抗發炎的作用,因此地衣芽孢桿菌發酵物可能也有抗球蟲的效果。
本實驗使用 Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 10716,並利用大豆粕及糖蜜進行固態發酵,烘乾磨碎製備成發酵物粉末。在體外實驗中,以掃描式電子顯微鏡觀察萃取自地衣芽孢桿菌發酵物的表面素對球蟲卵囊芽孢化之影響。結果發現,表面素不僅對球蟲卵囊芽孢化有顯著抑制的效果,且使孢子體表面出現許多孔洞、細胞膨脹甚至破裂,故對球蟲孢子體也有破壞的效果。動物階段分為兩階段,在第一階段動物實驗中,為篩選出地衣芽孢桿菌發酵物最適添加量,於肉雞飼料中添加不同劑量(0.125%、0.25%或 0.5%)的地衣芽孢桿菌發酵物。再於 20 日齡時,每隻雞口服攻毒 104個球蟲卵囊。實驗期間計算肉雞的生長性能、腸道病變評分、血痢計分、每克糞便卵囊排出數,以及抗球蟲指數(anticoccidial index, ACI)。
結果顯示,飼料中添加地衣芽孢桿菌發酵物 0.125%及 0.5%,雖然無法顯著改善肉雞感染球蟲後的生長性能,但可顯著降低每克糞便卵囊排出數。第二階段的動物實驗中,增加市售球蟲藥(maduramicin)的對照組,並於肉雞飼料中添加低劑量或高劑量(0.125%及 0.5%)的地衣芽孢桿菌發酵物。結果顯示,飼料中添加低劑量或高劑量地衣芽孢桿菌發酵物均可降低卵囊排出數量、減緩腸道損傷、增加生存率,顯著提高肉雞盲腸絨毛高度與隱窩深度的比值,且地衣芽孢桿菌發酵物的抗球蟲指數與市售球蟲藥無顯著差異,證實地衣芽孢桿菌發酵物可有效對抗球蟲。
綜上所述,地衣芽孢桿菌發酵物具有開發為肉雞飼料添加物作為抗球蟲藥替 代物之潛力。

關鍵字

Bacillus licheniformis ； 球蟲症 ； 益生菌 ； 孢子體形態學 ； 腸道損傷

並列摘要

Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease that has a huge economic impact on the poultry industry causing high mortality and poor growth performance. Overuse of antibiotics for coccidiosis in poultry leads to anti-coccidial drug resistance in parasites. Alternative solutions for controlling coccidiosis in poultry are needed. Bacillus licheniformis has been widely added to animal feed supplements to improve growth performance, regulate animal immunity, and decrease intestinal diseases. Surfactin, a cyclic lipopeptide secreted by Bacillus licheniformis, has been confirmed its antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory effects, so it is expected that B.licheniformis
fermented products might have anticoccidial activity.
In the in vitro experiment, the results showed that surfactin secreted by B.licheniformis had a significant effect on inhibiting coccidian oocyst sporulation and caused damage on the surface of Eimeria tellena sporozoites. In the animal experiment, broilers were fed with different doses of Bacillus licheniformis fermented products(0.125, 0.25, and 0.5%) under E. tenella challenge. At the end of experiment 35 days, the growth performance, intestinal lesion score, and fecal oocyst index were analyzed.
Our results showed that B. licheniformis fermented products did not improve the growth performance of broilers. However, the fecal oocyst per gram was significantly reduced in broilers that received basal diets supplemented with B. licheniformis fermented products. B. licheniformis fermented products significantly improved villus to crypts ratios in the cecum of broilers. The anti-coccidia index in B.licheniformis fermented products-treated group was greater than 160, indicating that B. licheniformis fermented roducts exert an anti-coccidial effect in broilers.
These results together indicate that B. licheniformis fermented products have the potential for development as feed additives and use as a possible solution to prevent coccidiosis in the poultry industry.

並列關鍵字

Bacillus licheniformis ； coccidiosis ； probiotics ； sporozoites morphology ； intestinal damage.

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