民法第1118條之1於老親扶養之司法實證研究

An Analysis of Court Cases Regarding Civil Code Article 1118-1 in Taiwan: Judging Children’s Maintenance Obligation to Aged Parents

陳柏仁(Bo-Ren Chen)

指導教授 ： 黃詩淳

共同指導教授 ： 楊培珊(Pei-Shan Yang)

國立臺灣大學/社會科學院/國家發展研究所/碩士(2013年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2013.00937

摘要

我國老親扶養制度自民法第1118條之1立法以來，已從原先的絕對義務轉為相對義務，除了評估子女的扶養能力外，假若老親過去曾有家暴、重大侮辱、性侵害、惡意棄養等不法行為，法院得透過裁判減輕或免除後者之扶養義務。然而隨著高齡化社會的到來，老年經濟安全成為重要課題，法官如何實踐條文之立法目的，並且在老年經濟安全及親子關係之間取得平衡，便是採取實證研究之宗旨所在。
　　為了解實務對於條文的實踐，本研究兼採內容分析法及個案訪談法，透過裁判書所揭示之內容進行內容分析，探究法官在相關個案所表露之心證；復與曾經手相關個案之法官、律師及社工人員進行訪談，了解條文在實務上可能出現之問題。
　　研究發現，由於民法第1118條之1規範文字太過籠統，導致實務在權利性質之定性、構成要件之評價、法律效果之選擇仍存在不同見解，而條文另外衍生公法上費用的求償問題，也在行政法院出現認定爭議，顯示民法第1118條之1在輿論壓力下火速修法，事先並未經過充分討論並因地制宜，導致後續出現適用問題，有必要進一步修法。而社政機關在認定社會救助資格的職權受到限制，亦導致部分實務人士認為民法第1118條之1可能成為請領社會救助之便宜之計。為避免實務運作空泛或存在道德風險，有必要加入其他專業人士參與程序並提供意見，俾便認定更加公平而貼近事實。而裁判造成親子關係無法修復的風險亦應被重視，在扶養事件有調解前置原則的適用下，修復親子關係並恢復扶養功能，亦是實務必須努力的方向。

關鍵字

民法第1118條之1 ； 老親扶養 ； 老年經濟安全

並列摘要

The obligation of children to maintain their aged parents has been changed after the legislation of Civil Code Article 1118-1. In addition to assess children’s property, if parents had acts like domestic violence, insult, sexual assault, or abandonment in the past, children have the right to relieve or exempt their obligation by the judgment or the ruling. However, Taiwan has became an aging society, Old-Age Security System is becoming an important issue, so what situations can judges decide to deprive parents’ maintenance right , and make a balance between parents’ economic security and parent-child relationship, those are the propose for this paper to take the empirical research.
This paper adopts two research methods to analyze court cases: Content Analysis and Interview Survey. By the former, we examined all of judgments and rulings which are based on Civil Code Article 1118-1 to generalize judges’ free proof in these cases. By the latter, we arranged nine interviews with judges, lawyers, and social workers who have experiences to handle related cases. Through these two research methods, we try to find problems from the substantive procedure of Civil Code Article 1118-1.
After the investigation, it is found that because of ambiguity terms in Civil Code Article 1118-1, there are many problems which still have disagreements, including the nature of the right, the evaluation methods of the constitutive elements, and the results of judgments or rulings. Furthermore, the interaction between Civil Code Article 1118-1 and the debts which are on the basis of Senior Citizens Welfare Act or People with Disabilities Rights Protection Act also have different views between administrative courts. It demonstrates that too hastily to legislate and lack of discussion will lead to many problems in judicial practice, so it is necessary to amend the article. Besides, many responders consider that Civil Code Article 1118-1 will become an expedience for aged parents to gain the social assistance eligibility, because there are some restrictions to identify the eligibility by Department of Social Welfare. To avoid those controversies and let judgments or rulings to be fair and objective, it is expected that other professionals should be intervened in legal procedures. Finally, according to Family Code Article 23, those cases should mediate by trial judges, so the repair of parents-child relationship and maintenance function are also need to be valued.

並列關鍵字

Civil Code Article 1118-1 ； Maintenance Obligation for Aged Parents ； Old-Age Security System

參考文獻

李立如（2012）。親屬法變革與法院功能之轉型。臺大法學論叢，第41卷第4期，頁1660。

桂齊遜（2005）。《唐律》關於「律文解釋」方式之分析。通識研究集刊，第8期，頁10~11。

許澤天（2010）。遺棄罪之研究──待釐清保護法益的具體危險犯。東吳法律學報，第22卷第2期，頁37。

林讌珍（2011）。未成年子女扶養費請求之研究。國立臺北大學法律研究所碩士論文。

劉鑫楨（2005）。論裁量處分與不確定法律概念。臺北市：五南。