- 學位論文
美髮作業環境化學性有害物之暴露調查
Chemical Hazardous Exposures at Hairdressing Salons
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摘要
美髮沙龍中常操作許多不同種類的美髮產品，產品中的成分除了經由皮膚吸收外，也容易被釋放到空氣中。過去的文獻指出，美髮業工作者有較高的癌症、呼吸系統、生殖系統風險，但卻缺乏相關的化學暴露資料。本研究透過現場訪查記錄，以及美髮沙龍空氣中甲醛、揮發性有機物及鄰苯二甲酸酯之空氣採樣分析，進一步評估美髮業室內環境。 使用活性碳管、XAD-2及OVS-Tenax採樣管進行空氣採樣，其流速分別為50 mL min-1、100 mL min-1及1000 mL min-1，其中包含5小時環境樣本及顧客個人樣本的收集。在樣本前處理後，使用氣相層析質譜儀進行分析定量。另一方面，本研究也使用了甲醛直讀式儀器量測甲醛濃度的變化，並同時記錄環境相關資訊及使用的美髮產品成分。 本研究共完成10家美髮沙龍之訪視、5家的空氣採樣分析；一共89個環境樣本、12個顧客個人採樣樣本，以及72筆甲醛直讀結果。在訪視部分，結果顯示，美髮業所使用的原物料種類多且複雜，在129種產品標籤中共發現387種不同的化學物質；而美髮沙龍內的通風情況較差，所量測到的二氧化碳濃度範圍為600-3576 ppm；另外工作者使用手套的時機、方式以及手套的材質都還有待改善。 在空氣採樣分析的部分，甲醛的濃度範圍介於0.01-1.04 mg m-3，其最大值超過美國職業安全衛生署之容許濃度，約16.67 % 樣本超過行動標準，83.33 % 樣本超過台灣室內空氣品質管理法的規範，以及世界衛生組織之室內環境建議值。 空氣中揮發性有機物乙醇之濃度範圍為0.16-10.5 mg m-3；異丙醇之濃度範圍介於0.01-1.24 mg m-3；丙酮的濃度介於1.86-260 μg m-3；乙酸丁酯之濃度為0.185-53.3μg m-3；乙酸乙酯的濃度為0.10-1310μg m-3；而五種鄰苯二甲酸酯濃度範圍為0.005-17.5μg m-3。雖揮發性有機物及鄰苯二甲酸酯空氣中濃度低於職業容許濃度，但部分物質的量測值高於過往文獻中一般室內環境濃度。甲醛直讀量測結果顯示，隨著營業時間增長，甲醛有在室內空氣中的現象。另外，本研究也發現美髮業主要工作區之甲醛濃度顯著高於美髮沙龍中其他區域。 美髮沙龍化學物質暴露為一值得關注的議題，其中以空氣中的甲醛最為重要。而美髮產品中的成分很可能是空氣中有害物質的來源。因此，持續監測空氣中化學物質濃度、提供工作者相關衛生教育、選擇更安全的美髮產品，並且增加室內換氣率，皆為減少美髮業中化學暴露之重要措施。
並列摘要
Various cosmetic hair products are constantly used in hairdressing salons. Aside from skin absorption, different hazards may be released during hair treatments. Previous studies have indicated that increased risks of cancers, respiratory symptoms, reproductive disorders, and skin symptoms were found among hairdressers. However, the exposure assessments are few. To assess the hairdressing environment in Taiwan, the walk-through survey and air sampling of formaldehyde, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and phthalates were performed in this study. Including charcoal, XAD-2, and OVS-Tenax tubes were used for the air sampling, and the flow rates were 50 mL min-1, 100 mL min-1, and 1000 mL min-1, respectively. Both 5-hour average environmental sampling and customer’s personal sampling during hair treatments were performed. After absorbents were desorbed, the samples were analyzed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Direct-reading device was used to observe changes of formaldehyde concentrations during opening hours. Meanwhile, environmental characteristics and products ingredients were also recorded in this study. Ten hairdressing salons were included for walk-through survey, and 5 salons were involved for field sampling. There were total 89 environmental samples, 12 customer’s personal samples, and 72 short-term formaldehyde samples. During walk-though survey, a total of 387 different ingredients were shown on 129 hair product labels. It was found that the chemicals used in salons were variable and diverse. In addition, the salons were not well ventilated (CO2 levels measured 600-3576 ppm), and the gloves were not properly used by hairdressers. As for the results of air sampling, formaldehyde concentrations was ranged from 0.01 to 1.04 mg m-3, and the maximum level was above the permissible exposure limit (PEL) of American Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Additionally, about 16.67 % samples exceeded action level (AL), and 83.33 % levels were higher than the standard of Taiwan Indoor Air Quality Management Act and the recommendation of World Health Organization (WHO). The range of ethanol concentrations was 0.16-10.5 mg m-3; isopropanol concentrations were between 0.01-1.24 mg m-3; acetone concentrations were ranged from 1.86-260 μg m-3; the range of butyl acetate was 0.185-53.3 μg m-3; ethyl acetate concentrations were between 0.10-1310 μg m-3. For phthalate esters, the airborne concentrations of five phthalates were 0.005-17.5 μg m-3. Although the levels of VOCs and phthalate esters were below occupational standards, some levels measured were higher than the concentrations of general indoor environments reported by earlier research. The results of short-term formaldehyde concentrations showed that chemicals might accumulate in hair salons during opening hours. Besides, formaldehyde concentrations in main working areas were significantly higher than other areas. The results indicated that airborne chemical exposure, especially formaldehyde, is the problem worth attention in hairdressing salons. The ingredients in products were possible sources of indoor pollutants. Therefore, monitoring the indoor air quality, giving workers health educations, choosing safer products, and increasing the ventilation rates are all crucial to minimize the exposure in hairdressing environments.
參考文獻
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