管理系統中產品實現流程之改善方案

Improvements of Product Realization Process in Management Systems

鄭境明(Ching-Ming Cheng)

指導教授 ： 吳文方

國立臺灣大學/工學院/機械工程學研究所/博士(2010年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2010.10248

摘要

管理系統的國際標準化已有二十餘年歷史，由最初以表單貫穿所有流程開始，至1987年國際標準組織(International Organization for Standardization, ISO)發行管理系統的國際標準後，產業界在消除貿易障礙方面，開始有了較具公信力的標準做為憑藉。然而，國際標準對於管理系統的績效不應僅止於「持續改善」(Continuous Improvement)的原則宣示，若能提出具體的工具與手法，相信管理系統在輔助營運績效的提昇上會有很大的助益。著眼於此，本論文將在管理系統的核心流程 –「產品實現」(Product Realization)中，除了以案例的方式呈現跨領域思維的設計與開發之輸入與輸出(Design and Development Inputs and Outputs)來擴大標準化外，將透過以整合為導向的思考模式，發展出一套進階方法，使管理能更加系統化。首先是改良美國國防部(DoD, USA)所發展出來、並應用在武獲上的「任務需求說明」(Mission Need Statement, MNS)與「使用需求文件」(Operational Requirements Document, ORD)做為設計與開發之規劃(Design and Development Planning)。藉由所具備之「獲得工程」(Acquisition Engineering)與「系統工程」(System Engineering)的統合決策模式，加上論文中所賦予的整合工具與手法 – 包括改良人們熟知的「壽命週期輪廓(LCP)分析」、為使異常處理更效能化而導入「任務需求說明(MNS)與使用需求文件(ORD)的新解決問題八步驟(8D Problem Process)」、以「1-3-10法則效率化解決問題八步驟(8D Problem Process)」、嵌入「失效模式效應分析(Failure Modes and Effects Analysis, FMEA)之準備機制於解決問題八步驟(8D Problem Process)」、提出「指數函數權重法則(Exponential Function Weighting Rule, EFWR)」合理化方案與屬性之權重、整合與創新的「關鍵績效指標(Key Performance Indicators, KPI)」等以達成所謂的進階系統化改善模式。除了工具與手法的論述外，將以個人數位助理(PDA)之消費性電子產品為例，說明改善後的任務需求說明(MNS)與使用需求文件(ORD)架構及方法，並在核心流程中的新產品開發之輸入與輸出、審查(Review)、查證(Verification)與確認(Validation)上，結合晶片積層陶瓷電容器(Chip Multi-Layer Ceramic Capacitor, MLCC)、電磁式繼電器(Magnet Relays)等實作案例，呈現標準化之延伸的可能性，還有工具與手法之實際應用的面向。其間，論文中亦將透過上述具備實證效果之案例的詳盡演釋，來說明管理系統之核心活動「產品實現」流程將如何被進階系統化的改善了。

關鍵字

產品實現 ； 任務需求說明 ； 使用需求文件 ； 解決問題八步驟 ； 失效模式效應分析 ； 權重法

並列摘要

International management standards have been in use for more than twenty years. Initially, industries used forms during all of the processes these standards demanded. After the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) published its international management standards in 1987, industries took advantage of these quasi-official standards to eliminate trade barriers. However, the influence of international standards on the performance of management systems should not be limited to the announcement of continuous improvement principles. If concrete tools and methods can be proposed, operating performance with the assistance of a management system can be greatly enhanced. This study presents the Design Inputs and Outputs of interdisciplinary concepts through case studies of a core process of a management system, Product Realization, to expand standardization. Furthermore, an integration-oriented thinking model is adopted to develop an advanced method for the systemization of management systems. First, the Mission Need Statement (MNS) and Operational Requirements Document (ORD) adopted by the United States Department of Defense (DoD) in acquisition management are modified as the planning basis for design and development. Additionally, the decision-making models of Acquisition Engineering and System Engineering management are combined and integrated tools and methods are proposed in this study. The six tools and methods proposed are as follows: (1) modified Life Cycle Profile (LCP) analysis; (2) MNS and ORD and eight disciplines (8D) problem solving process for optimization of exception handling performance; (3) 1-3-10 rule of 8D problem solving process; (4) advanced risk priority number (RPN) of Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA); (5) weighing rules for attributes by Exponential Function Weighting Rule (EFWR), and (6) Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for innovation and integration. Through the integration of these tools and methods, an advanced improvement model for systemization can be achieved. This research uses the Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) as a case study to demonstrate the modified MNS and framework and methods of ORD. Additionally, for Design Inputs and Outputs, Verification, and Validation during the core process of New Product Development, Chip Multi-Layer Ceramic Capacitors (MLCC) and magnetic relays are included as case studies to present the possibility of extension of standardization and practical application of tools and methods. Through the demonstration of empirical results of the aforementioned cases, the advanced systemization of the core process of management systems are realized.

並列關鍵字

Product Realization ； Mission Need Statement (MNS) ； Operational Requirements Document (ORD) ； 8D Problem Process ； Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) ； Weighting Rule

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