- 學位論文
十六世紀葡西旅行者眼中的「大明」──一個民族誌的視角
Interpretation of Ming Chinas: An Ethnographic Perspective to Iberian Travelers and their China Texts, 1550-1586
摘要
十六世紀起，為了尋求貿易與傳教的機會，歐洲人開始航行到中國沿海區域。當他們返回歐洲之際，他們除了帶回具有異國情調的商品之外，也帶回了他們在中國的所見所聞。這些中國見聞起初會轉換成口頭傳說或書寫的文本，而這些旅行文本與傳說則會隨著印刷等管道開始傳播、流通。有些讀者與編輯者會將這些旅行文本加以編纂、整理、改寫或重新詮釋，變成新的作品。本研究便是以十六世紀葡西旅行者的中國文本為中心，討論這些海外知識如何進入歐洲，並被加工與改寫的過程。 為了理解葡西旅行者如何建構他們心目中的中國知識，本研究引介了兩個研究的分析框架。第一是「歐洲人的亞洲知識史」。從知識社會史的角度出發，將歐洲人的亞洲知識置於生產與消費的過程中來思考知識與社會脈絡的關係。第二個則是「民族誌書寫」的視角。藉由歷史學者與人類學者的觀點，來思考「民族誌書寫」在近代早期的定位問題。藉由這些方法論上的視野，本研究將以四件葡西人的旅行文本為核心史料，分別是：蓋略特•伯來拉（Galeote Pereira, 生卒年不詳）的《中國報導》（1565）、加斯帕•達•克路士（Gaspar da Cruz, 1520-1570）的《中國論文》（1570）、馬丁•德•拉達（Martin da Rada, 1533-1578）的《出使報告》（1575）與胡安•岡薩雷斯•德•門多薩（Juan González de Mendoza, 1540-1617）的《中華大帝國史》（1585）。並以此來檢視葡西人建構中國知識的歷史過程。 在第一章，本研究概略地勾勒了十六世紀葡萄牙人的中國航行，並說明了伯來拉、克路士、拉達等人的中國經驗，以及門多薩與中國的關係。第二章，本研究企圖指出旅行者的經驗如何形塑了他們對中國的詮釋。例如，葡萄牙人與西班牙人不同的旅行經驗，便影響了他們如何認知China一詞，以及中國富裕的原因跟對中國司法制度的理解。最後一章，本研究則專注在分析門多薩的《中華大帝國史》。並分析門多薩如何剪裁與改寫之前旅行者的中國文本，最後建立了自己對中國知識的系統性看法。
並列摘要
In the sixteenth century, Europeans began to explore China coast in search of commercial and evangelical chances. As they returned to Europe, they also brought back not only exotic commodities but what they saw and heard in this Middle kingdom. At first, that information of China was usually transformed into oral stories or into written texts. Travel stories and texts could be printed, transmitted, circulated, and sometimes they could be mixed up, reinterpreted, and synthesized in new codices by other readers and editors. The process described above forms the main story of this thesis, especially on how Iberian travelers constructed their knowledge of China in the sixteenth century. For the purpose of analyzing how Iberians constructed their knowledge of China, It is necessary to introduce some historical and theoretical frameworks. One can be named as “European history of Asian knowledge”, which attempt to describe the social context of European’s knowledge of Asia through its production and consumption. The other can be named as “ethnographic writing”, which includes reflections on “What was ethnography in the early modern period” from both anthropologists and historians. Inspired by those methodological thinking, this thesis would concentrate on the production of Iberian’s China knowledge through examining four Iberian Travel Texts: Galeote Pereira’s Certain Reports of China (1565), Gaspar da Cruz’s Tractado em que se cõtam muito por estẽso au cousas da China (1570), the Relation of Martin da Rada (1575), and Juan González de Mendoza’s Historia de las cosas más notables, ritos y costumbres del gran reyno de la China (1585). In the Chapter 1, I give a short introduction to Portuguese travel text on China in general, and then sketch the historical context of Pereira, Da Cruz, Da Rada and Mendoza’s voyages----their experiences associated with China. Then in Chapter 2, I attempt to demonstrate how travelers’ China experience shaped their China knowledge. For Instance, different travel experiences influenced Portuguese and Spaniard in assimilating the term “China”, the reason of Chinese abundance, and detailed description of jurisdiction. In the last Chapter, by concentrating on Mendoza’s Historia, I illustrated how Mendoza rewrote and edited former travel texts to build a systematic knowledge of China of his own.