- 學位論文
入侵紅火蟻調查方法之改良
The Improvement of Methods for Detection and Monitoring Survey of Red Imported Fire Ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren
摘要
中文摘要 台灣在 2003 年 10 月首度發現入侵紅火蟻 (Solenopsis invicta Buren，以下簡稱火蟻) 後，為了執行全面撲滅計畫，於 2004 年 11 月正式成立國家紅火蟻防治中心 (National Red Imported Fire Ant Control Center, NRIFACC)。火蟻防治成功之關鍵仰賴偵測與監測技術的開發與執行。透過偵測與監測所得結果，可以獲得許多有效資訊，例如火蟻的分布位置、受侵擾地區之範圍及防治成效等。但是，台灣溫暖、潮濕且多雨的天氣，不只不利於餌劑的撒佈，更妨礙偵測與監測工作。為此，本研究依據火蟻的覓食行為與食物內容為基礎，改良國家紅火蟻防治中心所採用之監視技術，包括偵測之餌站與長期監測之掉落式陷阱，期能減少時間與勞力的浪費，對火蟻防治工作有所助益。本研究設計一個容器內部塗上 Fluon® 的圓形容器，進行火蟻誘餌偏好試驗。誘餌偏好試驗包含誘餌初步之篩選、觀測時間的選擇、方向偏好、足跡費洛蒙的影響以及誘餌進階偏好試驗等。初步篩選 11 種曾被使用之誘餌在室內進行測試，並以洋芋片作為對照組。誘引效果最佳的 3 種誘餌依序為熱狗、蝦餅與洋芋片。利用這 3 種誘餌進行野外試驗，結果顯示，3 種誘餌對火蟻的誘引效果並無顯著差異 (F = 0.66, df = 2, P = 0.5209)。但是，在前 2 小時的觀察中，熱狗誘集到最多的火蟻，可能是熱狗在野外環境條件下，容易變乾並從第 3 小時開始降低誘引效用。監測工具開發上，本研究採用澳洲昆士蘭火蟻中心曾使用，結合誘餌與掉落式陷阱優點的掉落式陷阱 (B-Trap)，與現行掉落式陷阱 (A-Trap) 進行比較。結果顯示，B-Trap 比 A-Trap 誘集到更多的火蟻，並且具有許多優點，例如防雨水、容易操作以及比 A-Trap 更具有可信度等。此外，為提升偵測餌站的效用，進行殺蟲劑的忌避性與具觸殺效用之劑量測試，再添加於誘餌中。分別測試 6 種殺蟲藥劑，每種藥劑至少測試 5 個不同之濃度。結果以去離子水稀釋 250-4000 倍的賽洛寧 (cyhalothrin) 乳劑不具忌避性，適合添加於餌站之誘餌上。 關鍵字：入侵紅火蟻、偵察、監測、餌站、掉落式陷阱
並列摘要
Abstract The red imported fire ants (RIFA), Solenopsis invicta Buren, was discovered in Taiwan in October, 2003. In order to execute the eradication program on this invasive species, National Red Imported Fire Ant Control Center (NRIFACC) was established in November, 2004. The key point leading to a successful eradication program strongly relies on the detection and monitoring survey of RIFA that could tell us much useful information, such as distribution of RIFA, how large the infestation area is, and how successful the eradication program is. In addition, Taiwan’s weather condition is warm, humid and raining that is suitable for RIFA development, but not suitable for bait broadcasting and monitoring. That is why this study wanted to improve the sampling methods used by NRIFACC. Therefore, we attempted to improve sampling methods according to RIFAs’ foraging behavior and diet components. Because of the huge range of infested area in Taiwan, investigating of detection and monitoring needs fast and effective tools to avoid the wasting of labor and time. This study was decided to improve the bait trap and pitfall trap for detection and long term monitoring programs separately according to literature review. For detection, this study designed the equipment such as a round container coated with Fluon® for bait preference experiments. It contains the basic sifting of baits, duration of observation, influence of trace pheromone and directions, and test of baits preference. A total of 11 baits used to monitor RIFA in the previous studies were tested in the laboratory condition, and potato chips that was used for bait stations by NRIFACC were adapted as the control. The three most preferred baits in the laboratory conditions were hotdog, shrimp cookie, and potato chip. These three baits were tested in the field conditions, and then the data was analyzed. The results showed non-significant difference (F = 0.66, df = 2, P = 0.5209) among them. In addition, the three most preferred baits in field conditions were shrimp cookie, hotdog, and potato chip based on the numbers of RIFA foragers attracted in the bait stations. Based on the first two hours observations, hotdog expressed better attractiveness to foragers than the remaining two attractants. The most possible reason might be that hotdog began to dry and lost its efficacy from the third hour in the field conditions. For long term monitoring, new pitfall trap (B-Trap) which incorporate hotdog into pitfall trap was designed to compare with the other one (A-Trap) used in NRIFACC. B-Trap baited with hotdog attracted more RIFA foragers than A-Trap did. There were several advantages of B-trap such as prevents rain, easy to operate, and more reliable than A-Trap. Based on those findings, B-trap could be replaced to the common pitfall trap for long term monitoring. To improve the monitoring efficacy of bait station by applying insecticides, the repellent and knockdown dose of insecticides also were determined. Six insecticides were tested at least 5 concentrations separately. Cyhalothrin diluted with deionized water for 250 - 4000 times did not repel the RIFA and could knock down the fire ant. Therefore, it could be applied for monitoring purposes. Key words: Solenopsis invicta, Detection, Monitoring, Bait trap, Pitfall trap