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  • 學位論文

日照量的季節不對稱性對中全新世熱帶地區降雨變化之影響

Impact of the insolation seasonal asymmetry on the tropical precipitation during the mid-Holocene

指導教授 : 魏國彥
共同指導教授 : 周佳(Chia Chou)

摘要


第四紀以來地球軌道的週期變化,使到達大氣層頂日照量的緯度分佈和季節分佈,隨著時間不斷變化,氣候系統也產生了相應的反應,而有了冰期與間冰期的循環。全新世中期,覆蓋北美和歐洲的廣大冰帽消融了,地表狀態和今天漸趨接近,但地球軌道的變化卻讓當時的日照分佈和今日不同,因此我們可以利用中全新世的數值模式模擬,在不需考慮高緯度冰川造成的效應下,瞭解不同的日照分佈如何影響氣候系統的運作。 準平衡熱帶環流模式(Quasi- Equilibrium Tropical Circulation Model, QTCM)是中型的大氣海洋模式,部分物理過程以參數化簡化,但仍能夠掌握熱帶地區的動力過程及氣候型態,雖然對高緯度地區的解析能力較差,但用在古氣候的研究上,有利於增加我們對熱帶地區氣候變化背後動力機制的瞭解。且中型的氣候模式與複雜的全球大氣海洋耦合模式(General Circulation Models, GCMs)相比,中型氣候模式速度快且物理過程簡單,方便使用者設計實驗,測試某個物理過程在氣候變化中扮演的角色。 本研究利用古氣候模擬—資料比較計畫(Paleoclimate Modeling Inter- comparison Project)所提供的中全新世邊界條件,進行一連串數值模式實驗。在這個時期,近日點靠近北半球夏季,地軸傾角較大,造成北半球夏季日照量在高緯度較強,並呈現強烈的南北半球不對稱性;冬季地球接近遠日點,因此地表接收的日照量比今日接收的少,和夏季日照量變化的強烈不對稱性相較,冬季日照量變化的分佈則大致對稱於赤道。夏季日照量較強造成的暖化作用及冬季較弱的日照量造成的冷卻效應,及構成所謂的日照量的季節不對稱性。 在陸地上方,大氣環流直接受陸地表面接收的太陽輻射影響,在夏季時造成更強的季風環流,使降雨帶向北推移。冬季時,由於地球接收的太陽輻射變弱,陸地無法提供足夠的能量給上空的間熱帶輻合帶(Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone, ITCZ),造成大陸上的降雨減少;在海洋上方,由於海水的熱慣性大,對日照量變化的反應較遲滯,夏季時,前一個冬季造成的冷卻效果使海陸溫差對比增大,使季風帶的北移更強烈。冬季時,夏季及秋季接收較多的熱量則儲存在海水裡,在冬季時釋放,抵銷太陽輻射減少直接造成的效果,使海洋上方的降雨增強。 根據本研究的結果,海洋的回饋作用在調控熱帶地區的降雨佔重要的角色,軌道效應造成的日照量分佈變化,部分會被海洋釋放前一個季節貯存的能量抵銷,而改變降雨變化的型態。

關鍵字

中全新世 日照量 氣候模式

並列摘要


A series of model experiments were conducted using an intermediate ocean-atmosphere-land model for better understanding how the tropical climate responds to asymmetric insolation forcing during the Mid-Holocene, 6ka. During the mid-Holocene, summer insolation at high latitudes of Northern hemisphere is stronger than that in the present due to a larger obliquity, while winter insolation in the tropics is weaker due to the precessional shift of perihelion relative to vernal equinox. The solar forcing presents both spatial and seasonal asymmetric patterns. However, the precipitation response does not necessarily follow the insolation forcing patterns of different seasons. Our analysis indicates that ocean feedback plays an important role in regulating the tropical precipitation. The solar forcings are cancelled out by the surface heat flux from the slow-responding ocean to the warming or cooling brought about by insolation changes one or two seasons ago. The northward shift of the Asian summer monsoon rain belt, which is widely found in numerous proxy records, is enhanced by the increased land-sea thermal contrast. Enhanced precipitation is caused by energy fluxes over ocean in boreal summer, resulting in a pronounced latitudinal land-sea contrast in the pattern of precipitation changes.

參考文獻


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