台灣資源生產力解析~投入產出分析及因素分解法之應用

Perspective of Resource Productivity in Taiwan ~Application of Input-Out Analysis and Decomposition Analysis

林姿君(Tzu-Chun Lin)

指導教授 ： 馬鴻文

國立臺灣大學/工學院/環境工程學研究所/碩士(2010年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2010.01141

摘要

經濟發展與物質使用有著密不可分之關係，如何有效使用資源，成為國家永續物質管理重要的課題。而「資源生產力」是用來觀察經濟成長與物質使用脫鉤與否的指標之一，可藉由該指標檢視國家之物質使用效率。本研究則使用「資源生產力」指標，將物質分為「生質物類」、「金屬物質類」、「非金屬物質類」及「化石燃料類」等四類，觀察台灣2000~2008年各類物質之使用效率，為便於說明以其倒數「物質使用強度」進行各項計算與分析。
為進一步分析國內各項經濟活動之物質使用效率，本研究將台灣經濟活動分為十七個行業分類，應用投入產出分析之原理推估進口物質於各行業間之流布情形，以計算各行業之物質使用強度。最後，將「物質使用強度」指標，應用因素分解法將其分解成「回收再利用因子(Rk)」、「誘發物質使用強度因子(Ik,i)」、「需求構造因子(Si)」及「輸入因子(P)」等四項影響因子，並分析各影響因子對於物質使用強度之影響程度。
依據計算結果，我國資源生產力從最低的2002年29.2千元/公噸，2008年已提升為37.3千元/公噸，改善了27.7%，代表我國資源使用效率有提升之趨勢。而2005年後直接物質投入量逐漸下降，GDP仍呈成長趨勢，表示我國物質使用與經濟成長已開始有脫鉤傾向。
進一步從行業別觀察，研究期間「礦業與土石業」之物質使用強度改善程度最大，主要因其誘發物質使用因子(Ik,i)貢獻大所致；在物質別方面，因我國的產業需求結構偏重於化石燃料類之使用，致使「化石燃料類」物質使用強度增加，而「非金屬物質類」之物質使用改善程度最明顯，主要因誘發物質強度因子(Ik,i)與回收再利用因子(Rk)之貢獻。
整體而言，研究期間使資源生產力提升的最大原因為誘發物質使用強度因子(Ik,i)的改善，表示研究期間生產製造產品時所需投入之資源相對減少，意味著我國生產技術水準逐漸提升。此外，雖然回收再利用因子(Rk)之影響比重不大，但物質使用強度因回收再利用量逐年增加而獲得改善。

關鍵字

資源生產力 ； 物質使用強度 ； 投入產出分析 ； 因素分解

並列摘要

The inseparable tie between economic development and the resource consumption has resulted in the exploration of effective utilization of resource to become one of the most important topics in the field of sustainable material management. “Resource Productivity” has been used as the indicator to determine not only the decoupling relationship between economic growth and material use, but also the resource-use efficiency of a nation.
The purpose of this research is to use “Resource Productivity” as the indicator to evaluate the utilization efficiency of various resource categories in Taiwan between 2000 and 2008. In order to obtain a better overall picture of the status of resource utilization during the above mentioned period, the resources-use intensity, which is the inverse of the resource productivity, is calculated for 4 different categories of resources, namely Biomass, Metallic minerals, non-metallic minerals and Fossil fuels.
To further evaluate the resource-use efficiency of the various economic activities in Taiwan, this research categorizes the economic activities in Taiwan into 17 industries and the Input-Out (IO) Analysis was applied to estimate the resource flow between different industries to calculate the resource-use intensity of each industry. The Decomposition analysis method is then applied to the resource-use intensity index to obtain 4 different impact factors, namely the Recycling Factor (R), Induced Material-Use Intensity Factor (I), Demand Structure Factor (S) and Import Factor (P). Analysis was performed to determine the effect of each impact factor on the resource-use intensity.
Calculation shows a achieving 27.7% improvement in resource productivity in Taiwan, from 29.2 thousand dollars/ ton in 2002 to 37.3 thousand dollars/ton in 2008. On the other hand, the direct resource input has fallen since 2005 but the GDP was still showing positive growth, which indicate that the resource use and economic growth are beginning to decouple.
Comparison between individual industry shows the Minerals and Stone Sector has achieve high improvement in resource-use intensity, which is mostly contributed by the Induced Material-Use Intensity Factor (I). In terms of resource categories, the Fossil fuel resource use intensity has increased due to increase in demand and the Non-Metallic mineral has achieved the most significant improvement in resource-use intensity which was mostly contributed by both the Induced Material-Use-Intensity Factor (I) and the Recycling Factor (R).
In conclusion, improvement in resource productivity during the study period is mostly contributed by the improvement in the Induced Material-Use Intensity Factor (I). Reduction in resource input was shown during production, which implies the technological level of production has gradually improved. Besides, although the recycling factor (R) is not the major impact factor, the gradual increase in annual recycling rate however play a significant role in the improvement of the resource-use intensity.

並列關鍵字

Resource Productivity、Resource-use intensity ； Input-Out (IO) Analysis ； Decomposition analysis method

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