從菸草素面包裝論公共衛生與智慧財產權之關係及發展趨勢

根據世界衛生組織(WHO)調查，全球每年全球每年因為菸害而死亡的人數將近6百萬人。因菸害所引此的疾病已成為全球十大非傳播疾病(Noncommunicable diseases)的主要肇因之一。有鑒於此，WHO於二OO五年制訂《菸草控制框架公約》(Framework convention on Tobacco Control)，並要求締約方須將公約內容完整納入其菸害防制法規中並且嚴格執行。截止至二O一四年，全球已有一百八十八個國家與地區簽署公約。《菸草控制框架公約》第11條規範要求締約方採取措施限制菸草產品包裝，包括限制具誤導性之包裝與標示、包裝需印有大面積的健康警語圖文與法令規定應揭露之訊息(如成份與排放物等)；此外，該條款也建議締約方可採行標準或素面包裝。許多研究即顯示菸草素面包裝有助於降低菸草產品對消費者的吸引力，進而得以減少吸菸率與吸菸人口。澳洲(Australia)於二O一一年通過世界第一個《菸草素面包裝法》(Tobacco Plain Packaging Act 2011)，並於二O一二年起全面施行。為避免澳洲菸草素面包裝成為全球菸草控制政策的潮流，菸商於澳洲國內提起憲法與侵權訴訟，控訴澳洲法令違反憲法並侵害其智慧財產權。同時，菸商也透過澳洲對外貿易協定申請國際仲裁，並主張澳洲法令已侵犯其在澳洲的投資與財產。許多生產與出口菸草的開發中國家也相繼透過世界貿易組織(WTO)爭端解決機構(Dispute Settlement Body)指控澳洲法令違反WTO《與貿易有關智慧財產權協定》(Agreement on Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights)對於智慧財產權的保護。本研究將深入探討WHO《菸草控制框架公約》、澳洲《菸草素面包裝法》與WTO《與貿易有關智慧財產權協定》的內容與爭端之發展，並期望藉由相關法律與國際局勢的發展研判菸草素面包裝未來可能發展的方向。

關鍵字

菸草控制框架公約；澳洲；菸草素面包裝；公共衛生；智慧財產權

並列摘要

According to World Health Organization (WHO), the tobacco epidemic, one of the top ten non-communicable diseases, is a biggest public health threats the world has ever faced, causing around 6 million deaths a year. The Framework convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) was passed in 2005 and it requests the signatory parties to fully and strictly implement its requirement. Until end of 2014, there are 188 members to the FCTC. Article 11 of FCTC requires the signatory parties to take strict actions to regulate tobacco product packaging which include forbidding use of misleading packaging and labeling, requiring big portion graphic health warning and disclosing necessary information (such as ingredients and emissions). In addition, the Article also advises members to consider adopting standardized or plain packaging regulation. Many studies have shown that plain packaging is less attractive to tobacco consumers and can consequently help to decrease smoking rate. Australia is the first country in the world passed a tobacco plain packaging regulation, Tobacco Plain Package Act 2011 (TPPA), and has been in full effect since 2012. To prevent the plain packaging regulation to become a world trend in tobacco control, tobacco companies took legal actions against Australian Government, accusing the Act in violation with Australian Constitution Law and causing detrimental impact to their intellectual property rights. Meanwhile, tobacco companies also leveraged clauses in Australia’s external trade agreement and took action against Australian Government in international investment arbitration tribunal. On the other hand, tobacco growing and exporting countries also brought the case to World Trade Organization (WTO) Dispute Settlement Body and alleged Australia’s regulation is in breach of its obligation to WTO Agreement on Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). This research is to investigate and analyze the content and development of conflicts between WHO FCTC, Australia TPPA and WTO TRIPS Agreement. By studying the related legal and international public health and trade development, this research aims to conclude by pointing out the possible development of this on-going international public health and trade issue.

並列關鍵字

Framework Convention on Tobacco Control ； Australia ； Tobacco Plain Packaging ； Public Health ； Intellectual Property Rights

參考文獻

[2] Allan M. Brandt, “The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence Of The Product That Defined America”, Basic Books, 2007

[4] Ducan B. Hollis, Oxford Guide to Treaties, Oxford University Press, 2012

[5] Wilfred Jenks, “Conflict of Law-Making Treaties”, British Year Book of International Law, 1953

[6] Benn McGrady, Trade and Public Health – The WTO, Tobacco, Alcohol , and Diet, Cambridge Press, 2014

[7] Joost Pauwelyn, Conflict of Norms in Public International Law: How WTO Law Relates to Other Rules of International Law, Cambridge University Press, 2003

被引用紀錄

林雅淳（2017）。菸草控制框架公約對我國菸品商標審查之影響〔碩士論文，國立臺灣大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU201703153

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從菸草素面包裝論公共衛生與智慧財產權之關係及發展趨勢

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