民國時期的小品論述（1911-1949）

漢語散文龐大的傳統資源，在文體現代性歷程中，具有複雜的辯證性。僅以進化、接受、傳承概括其現代性傾向，未必能盡得其貌。本文以三十年代晚明小品論戰為視角，逐步聚焦民國以來的「小品」論述，考察文人如何透過傳統「小品」文體觀念的更新，建立散文文體的現代模式。借助概念史的方法引導，本文更著眼回到與政治、國家息息相關的「民國」語境，嘗試析解出五四乃至三、四十年代，更多概念與文體演變的肌理細節，試圖跳脫文體線性的發展和取代。「小品理論化」探討林語堂如何以「舒服感」做為理論建設的突破點，轉化晚明小品的性靈思想與自娛意識。透過身體、物件的提取，一方面更新「悅情適性」的內在審美模式，另一方面也推進周作人「言志」觀的發展向度。「從性靈到抒情」聚焦施蟄存的現代派經驗，如何帶來現代小品論述的「再現代」。施蟄存小品文對非理性的情感書寫，成為新釋晚明小品「性情」概念的重要資源，推導出以「異化」感受為主的新抒情模式。「小品衍義」考察左翼文人的小品觀。做為論戰的反方聲音，左翼文人以新興文學的社會觀點為資源，新詮晚明小品的社會意識與遺民情調，展現出憤怒憂鬱的情感脈動。既有衍義，也整全民國以來的小品論述。「小品的另類建構」則以沈啓无的特異論調，探討自周作人以來，標舉「真我」的小品觀，從承接到裂變的軌跡。沈啓无滌除晚明小品的負面成分，以近乎「反小品」的極端形式，建構出另類的主體美學，成為非典型的異數。本文嘗試處理傳統小品的美感資源，如何介入現代散文的文體建構歷程。在重層的概念疊映與疏離關係中，本文鋪展出一條在漢語散文豐厚的「傳統」基礎上，開發新文學通往「現代」的文體發展脈絡。

關鍵字

民國；小品；現代散文；現代性；漢語性；晚明小品論戰；左翼

並列摘要

The rich traditional resources of Chinese essays feature complex dialectics in the process of stylistic modernity. To generalize the modernity with the concepts of evolution, acceptance and inheritance might fail to have a comprehensive view of them. The thesis sheds light on the discussions of Xiaopin since the establishment of the Republic of China, analyzing how literati constructed the modern style of essays through the renewal of conventional concepts from the perspective of the debate of Xiaopin in the late Ming Dynasty during 1930s. With the conceptual history, the thesis also reviews the style in the era of the Republic of China closely related to politics and nationality, to discuss more concepts as well as details of the stylistic transformation from the May Fourth Movement to the period of 1930s and 1940s, instead of focusing on the linear development and substitution of styles. The Theorization of Xiaopin discusses how Lin Yutang transformed the spirituality and the consciousness of amusing oneself of Xiaopin in the late Ming Dynasty based on the theory of “easiness”. Through the embodiment of body and objects, he renewed the aesthetic experience of easiness; on the other hand, he further discussed Zhou Zuoren’s perspective of Yan Zhi. From Spirituality to Lyrics focuses on how Shi Zhecun’s modernist experiences further modernized the discourse on Xiaopin. The writing of irrational emotions in Shi’s Xiaopinwen played a vital role in analyzing the spirituality of Xiaopin in the late Ming Dynasty, serving as a new lyrical style of describing atypical feelings. The Extended View of Xiaopin introduces the views of Xiaopin from the leftist literati. As the reversed party in the debate, leftist literati reinterpreted the social consciousness and the tone of adherents from the social perspective of new literature, expressing the variation of anger and melancholy in the essays. They not only extended but also integrated the discussions of Xiaopin since the threshold of the Republic of China. The Atypical Construction of Xiaopin is based on Shen Qiwu’s unprecedented point of view suggesting the inheritance and transformation of Xiaopin that sought true self since Zhou Zuoren. Shen established an unconventional and extreme aesthetic by ignoring the negativity of Xiaopin in the late Ming Dynasty, serving as a unique existence in atypical discussions. The thesis tries to analyze how aesthetic of traditional Xiaopin influenced the stylistic construction of modern essays. With the multiple concepts and alienation between them, the thesis unveils the stylistic development of the modernization of new literature based on the rich tradition and history of Chinese essays.