臺灣稻米國家標準修訂與產業競爭力之研究

A Study of National Standard Amendment and the Competitiveness of Rice Industry in Taiwan

沈聖峰(Sheng-Feng Shen)

指導教授 ： 張靜貞

共同指導教授 ： 陳柏琪(Po-Chi Chen)

國立臺灣大學/生物資源暨農學院/農業經濟學研究所/碩士(2021年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU202103674

摘要

我國每年應進口稻米關稅配額數量為144,720公噸等量糙米，其中94,068公噸由政府進口，50,652公噸由民間部門進口。政府進口米分為一般採購及買賣同時銷售，一般採購之進口米由行政院農業委員會農糧署依稻米相關國家標準（如：CNS 2424糙米或CNS 2425白米）及「政府進口米到貨公證檢驗規範」檢驗是否符合契約規定，品質規格項目不符合是履約爭議常出現項目之一。
爾來，我國稻米外銷數量逐年增加，出口稻米亦會面臨品質規格項目不符合國外標準而造成履約爭議。為使我國稻米相關國家標準與國際接軌，以減少進出口稻米所造成之爭議，朝向將稻米相關標準修訂成進口與出口皆可使用之標準，並可符合國內稻米產業現況及保護生產者與消費者之權益，以達稻米相關國家標準標準之市場化及前瞻化之目的。本研究分析我國稻米產業檢驗概況，並研析國際通用之稻米標準及美國、日本、中國所訂定之稻米標準，自稻米分類、適用範圍、品質規格項目進行比較，再由美國進口米之履約爭議案件探討，進而提出未來我國稻米國家標準之修訂建議。
本研究結果顯示現行稻米相關標準與國際稻米標準並無完全接軌，經比較分析可得知我國現行稻米標準缺乏稻米加工精度、不同形式碎粒之定義，國際上稻米被害粒皆不包括熱損害粒，且以單獨列計。從我國公糧糙米及白米進行品質規格分析，其各項平均值皆可達到2等米之標準，建議未來修訂標準可從標準修訂面、稻米產業面、檢驗執行面、檢驗創新面、標準思考面、標準持續性等角度修訂稻米標準，並將被害粒定義移除熱損害粒，改為單獨列計，並且同步調降各等級之最大限度，以CNS 2等米為基準，出口我國稻米不受阻礙為目標。

關鍵字

CNS 2424糙米 ； CNS2425白米 ； 品質規格項目 ； 比較分析

並列摘要

Each year, Taiwan is obliged to import 144,720 metric tons of equivalent brown rice under the tariff quota. Of which, 94,068 metric tons are imported by the government, and 50,652 are imported by the private sector. The government imports rice through either general purchases or SBS (Simultaneously Buy and Sell) purchases. When conducting general purchases, Agriculture and Food Agency, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan (AFA) refers to relevant national standards (such as CNS 2424 for brown rice and CNS 2425 for milled rice) and “Directions for the Notary Survey of Arriving Government-Imported Rice” to determine if the rice meets contract specifications. Quality non-conformances have been the most prevalent issue with contract fulfillment.
Recently, as Taiwan’s rice export grew year by year, the exported rice also saw non-conformances with foreign standards that led to contract disputes. As a means to harmonize domestic and international standards and minimize disputes in rice trades, amendments will work toward unifying the relevant standards for rice imports and exports. On the other hand, future standards will accommodate the condition of the domestic rice industry and protect the rights of producers and consumers to secure competitive advantages and other forward-looking goals. This study analyzes the current status of Taiwan's rice industry and examines internationally accepted rice standards as well as standards stipulated in the US, Japan, and China. Comparisons are made on rice categorization, applicable scopes, and quality specifications under those standards, followed by the investigation into the contract dispute on US rice imports. These findings are then used to provide a reference for future amendments to the national rice standards.
This study shows that rice standards in Taiwan are not entirely in line with international standards. After the comparative analysis, we learned that Taiwan’s current rice standards had some missing informaiton regarding processing fineness and definitions of different variations of broken kernels. Internationally, damaged kernels do not include heat-damaged kernels, and both types of kernels are separately calculated. We also found that brown rice and milled rice in Taiwan’s public stock on average can meet the requirement of second-grade rice. Thus it is recommended that when amending future rice standards, amendment procedures, rice industry conditions, test implementation, test innovations, and intents and continuity of the standards are taken into consideration and that heat-damaged kernels are removed from damaged kernels. Meanwhile, standards for all levels of rice should be lowered to the level of CNS second-grade to clear the path for exporting Taiwanese rice.

並列關鍵字

CNS 2424 for brown rice ； CNS 2425 for milled rice ； quality specifications under standards ； comparative analysis

參考文獻

中華人民共和國國家質量監督檢驗檢疫總局，GB/T 18810-2002 糙米，2002。

日本農林水產省，國內農產品檢驗實施手冊，取自https://www.maff.go.jp/j/seisan/syoryu/kensa/attach/pdf/hourei-177.pdf

日本農林水產省，國外農產品檢驗實施手冊，取自https://www.maff.go.jp/j/seisan/syoryu/kensa/attach/pdf/hourei-185.pdf

日本農林水產省，農産物規格規程，國外農產品檢驗實施手冊，2001，取自https://www.maff.go.jp/j/seisan/syoryu/kensa/pdf/kiteigai

日本農林水產省，糙米的檢查規格，取自https://www.maff.go.jp/j/seisan/syoryu/kensa/kome/k_kikaku/index.html