儒家社會中不正當行為的對內與向外揭發：關係與目的的影響

大中華地區跨國企業的增加與商業醜聞的頻現使企業不正當行為揭發受到了越來越多的關注。先前研究通常表明揭發行為在具有集體主義傾向的社會中是不可接受的。為了對根植於儒家思想的中華文化有更準確的理解，我們用涵攝文化的關係主義和自我的曼陀羅模型來探討華人對揭發的態度。研究一發現華人對揭發的態度不僅有負面，也有正面；研究二以“與不正當行為人的親疏關係”與“受益的大我/自我”作為兩個具有文化特性的獨變項，設計了比較對內和向外揭發意向和判斷的情境問卷。結果顯示儒家社會中的華人自動化偏好以“仁愛”為動機的揭發行為；當與不正當行為人為工具性關係時，華人傾向於向組織以外的管道揭發；而與其情感性的聯結具有弱化向外揭發意向的影響。此外，當不正當行為的揭發對直系家人帶來益處，華人有較強的向外揭發的意向；反之，為了組織最終成就更好的大我，人們傾向於採取對內揭發不正當行為，直面在組織內部引起的問題並以之為自我修養的實踐。最後，我們建議將來採用企業高階職員的立足點，以及設計受試者真實參與的情境，來加深對於儒家社會中不正當行為揭發的理解。

關鍵字

揭發；儒家關係主義；自我的曼陀羅；儒家倫理；面子

並列摘要

Increasingly interests on whistleblowing behaviors have been aroused by emerging of international corporations and business scandals in Great China area. Previous studies about whistleblowing commonly suggested it an unacceptable behavior in propensity of collectivism approach. For a smattering understanding of Chinese culture grounded on Confucianism, we replace it with culture-inclusive theories of relationalism and Mandala Model of Self to investigate the attitude towards whistleblowing. Study Ⅰ we found either positive or negative attitude; study Ⅱ designed a scenario with “guanxi with the wrongdoer” and “big self/self to benefit” as two cultural specific independent variables to compare the intention and judgment on internal and external whistleblowing. Results indicated that people in Confucian society automatically prefer whistleblowing behavior motivated by “love for all”; people tend to blow a whistle outside of the organization compared to internal channel when they perceive an instrumental tie with the wrongdoer. They showed a lower intention of externalwhistleblowing when they have expressive connections. Furthermore, they may determine external whistleblowing intention when a whistleblowing behavior can bring goodness to the immediate family. However, they may turn to internal channel neglecting the incurred troubles as a self-cultivation practice for a better “greater self” ultimately. Limitation of this research and future implication for a non-ordinary standpoint of rank in organizations is suggested for deepen understanding whistleblowing in Confucian society.

並列關鍵字

whistleblowing ； Confucian relationalism ； Mandala Model of Self ； Confucian ethics ； mientze

參考文獻

Abramson, C. M. (2012). From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 42(2), 155-180.

Alexander Jr, C. N., & Knight, G. W. (1971). Situated identities and social psychological experimentation. Sociometry, 65-82.

Alexander Jr, C. N., & Lauderdale, P. (1977). Situated identities and social influence. Sociometry, 225-233.

Alexander, C. N., & Rudd, J. (1981). Situated identities and response variables. Impression management theory and social psychological research, 83-103.

Alexander, L., Appleton, D., Hall, R., Ross, W. M., & Wilkinson, R. (1980). Epidemiology of acromegaly in the Newcastle region. Clinical endocrinology,12(1), 71-79.

國際替代計量

儒家社會中不正當行為的對內與向外揭發：關係與目的的影響

全文下載

主題瀏覽