- 學位論文
論著作權與資訊流通自由的衝突與解決—從真實空間到網路空間
The Conflict Between Copyright and Free Flow of Information and the Solutions: From Real World to Cyberspace
摘要
隨著網際網路時代的到來，網路已經成為我們生活不可或缺的空間，但是，網路數位化造成資訊快速流通的本質卻與著作權資訊壟斷的性質產生衝突。在這樣的衝突下，本文想要藉由歷史觀察與憲法檢驗著作權法在真實空的擴張與在網路空間的立法方向之妥適性。 在本文第貳章，先探詢學理上保護著作權的理由，再進入著作權憲法基礎的探討。本文以為，保護理由還不足以說明著作權成為憲法上基本權利所涵蓋的對象，尚應探討著作權與各基本權間本質的相容性，與從歷史上觀察著作權與各基本權之間的關聯。 在第参章，藉由探尋著作權制度的根源，發現著作權在多個國家中都是產生自皇室的出版審查制度，並成為出版商限制競爭的手段。一直到民主國家雛形出現後，法律透過「主體」與「期間」的限制，才讓原為控制言論的著作權產生轉變，為鼓勵創作而存在，而不僅是國家或出版商的工具。而重新探討著作權在我國憲法上的定位為何時，由於著作權從歷史觀察看來，並非從任何人權演化而來，且其與其他人權存在著本質衝突，故著作權在我國憲法上定位應從基本國策第166、167條與憲法第23條出發。即使有基本國策與公共利益的授權，在著作權對其它基本權造成限制時，仍應透過比例原則檢驗而不當然合憲。 第肆章則檢驗目前適用在真實空間的我國著作權法是否妥適。透過歷次的修法演進觀察，本文說明著作權的逐漸擴張，對其它基本權如財產權與言論自由等造成逾越比例的限制，包括保護期間持續延長、保護客體與權利範圍持續增加、與刑罰手段的使用等。而這些擴張也逐漸瓦解法律藉由「主體」與「期間」對著作權的限制，而漸漸使得著作權回到歷史上英格蘭安妮法出現前不受控制的情況。 第伍章探討著作權適用在網路上所可能產生的問題，包括理論問題、憲法問題與執法問題三大難題。理論上由於網路提供創作新的誘因，且網路的數位化大幅降低複製成本，故著作權繼續存在嘉惠的僅是出版商，誘因理論不再能自圓其說。憲法面則納入了網路即世界的考量，內國的著作權適用在網路空間中會因限制全球的資訊流通自由而產生憲法問題。執法面則有選法不易與定國際管轄權困難的問題。面對這些難題，我國立法不選擇使用限制較小的替代性方案，卻制定科技保護措施與ISP民事豁免責任等條款來加強著作權的保護，對於基本權的侵害等毋寧是雪上加霜。本文在最後，則透過將電腦與網路使用行為區分為七種行為型態，分別定性其具有的空間意涵，並建議著作權法對於各行為所應評價的方向。 透過本研究，本文期望能對目前不斷擴張的著作權法進行一次憲法的反省，從比較法與歷史的角度對著作權制度予以分析，而期待能使整個著作權制度更能與現行社會與網路運行事實貼近。
並列摘要
As the era of internet comes, cyberspace has become a part of our living space. The digitalized internet increases the speed of information flow, and, as the nature of internet, conflicts with the monopoly character of copyright. In light of such conflict, this thesis tends to analyze whether the expansion of copyright in real world and the legislative direction toward internet are justified under the perspectives of history and our constitution. In Chapter II, the thesis first explores reasons and theories of copyright protection and subsequently introduces different possible constitutional basis of copyright. Nonetheless, the thesis considers that merely sharing some similarity is not sufficient for us to conclude that copyright is a branch of constitutional human rights. The nature and historic relation between each human rights and copyright merits further study. In Chapter III, through exploring the origin of copyright system, this thesis finds that copyright was created for censorship by governments in different nations. Following the appearance of democracy, the purpose of its regime has been transformed to encourage learning and creation through the limitation of “right holder” and “terms”. With this finding in mind, we may review the regime of copyright in light of constitutional laws. From the historic point of view, copyright does not derive from any kind of human rights; it even contradicts with some of them. As a consequence, the copyright may be discovered as being covered in the R.O.C. Constitution by Arts. 166 and 167(fundamental national policy), as well as Art. 23(restrictions upon human right’s restriction). Despite that we could incorporate copyright into the public policies in the orbit of constitution, whenever copyright is in conflict with some types of human right, the proportionality test must be applied to examine the constitutionality of copyright law. In Chapter IV, the thesis examines what justifies the application of copyright law in current real world. After a close examination of the development of our copyright legislation, this thesis argues that the expansions of copyright regime constitute unnecessary restriction upon human rights under constitution. The unnecessary expansions include continuing extension of copyright terms, enlarging scope of copyright’s objects and contents, using of criminal punishments, and etc. These expansions gradually remove the limitations of “right holder” and “terms” upon copyright, which are indispensible in copyright law; now copyright goes back to the uncontrolled state before The Statute of Anne of England. In Chapter V, the thesis points out possible difficulties when applying copyright into cyberspace. Relevant issues lie in copyright’s theory, constitution, and enforcement of law. Theoretical speaking, taking into account of the facts that internet offers many new incentives for creation and that digitalization decreases huge amount of copying cost, the conventional incentive theory can no longer provide justification. In terms of constitutional law, the thesis considers that internet is global and it would be odd to allow national copyright to govern global information flow. Finally, when enforcing copyright law by different nations, it is almost impossible to overcome problems of choice of law and jurisdiction. Confronting these issues, our legislators choose to enhance the protection of copyright holder instead of adopting less restrictive alternatives. It runs afoul of constitutional safe guards. In the end, the thesis divides the behavior of internet users into seven usages. Having identified the relevance of each usage to different concept of space, the thesis develops corresponding limits of copyright law vis-à-vis each usages. Through analyzing the appropriateness of continuing expansion of current copyright law from the perspective of history and constitution, the thesis expects to reconcile the copyright system with the integrity of internet in our living society.