論法蘭西斯·福山「歷史終結論」及超越：對政治秩序論的檢視與批判

法蘭西斯·福山的歷史終結論自發表之初，便在學界引發了諸多的思考與爭論，對於相關議題的研究也一直在學界佔據著重要的位置。而近年來，福山又針對政治秩序等議題提供了新的思考。歷史終結與政治秩序論中的討論，雖呈現出不少的差異，但兩者亦有緊密的關聯。基於相應的時代背景，福山提出了自由民主制作為人類制度的終結這一主張。歷史終結論雖嘗試去回應諸多問題及批判，卻未曾對自由民主制等概念予以明晰的界定。在這種意義上，其論說有一定的欠缺之處。而政治秩序論中對政治發展及國家建構的闡述，即可視為福山對於先前論說所做的必要補充。在其中，福山將有效國家、法治及問責制，定義為所有政治體均應去追尋的三個目標。不過，現有的研究較少將歷史終結與政治秩序論予以聯結，亦缺乏對此脈絡的把握與分析。以本文來看，若不將這兩部分論說結合起來思考，則難以較為全面地理解福山的諸項論說。據此，本文將以福山的政治秩序論及相關敘述為中心，並結合對歷史終結論的回顧，來試圖進行一種整合性的考察與分析。當然，本文也會對福山的批評者們給予必要的關注，檢視其中的批判是否合理，並結合相關學者的討論來豐富此研究。

關鍵字

政治秩序；歷史之終結；法治；問責制；政治發展

並列摘要

Since its publication, Francis Fukuyama's "end of history" has sparked many new thoughts and debates in the academic community. The related research also occupied an important position in academia. In recent years, Fukuyama provided new insights on issues such as political order and its decay. Although these two theories show many differences, they are also closely connected. Under particular circumstances, Fukuyama proposed the idea that liberal democracy is the endpoint of human institutions. Despite attempts to respond to many problems and criticisms, Fukuyama had not given a clear definition of liberal democracy. In this sense, his argument is somehow insufficient. The elaboration of political development and state-building in his later works should be regarded as a necessary complement to Fukuyama's previous argument. To be specific, Fukuyama thinks that an effective state, the rule of law, and accountability are the ultimate goals for all political regimes. However, existing studies rarely try to link the two parts together and also lack a grasp and analysis of the continuity in these arguments. From my perspective, it might be difficult to fully understand Fukuyama's theses without examining these two parts together. Based on this notion, this paper will attempt to conduct an integrated analysis and examination by focusing on Fukuyama's interpretation of political order, and combining it with a review of the "end of history". We will also pay enough attention to the critics of Fukuyama, examine whether their criticisms are reliable or not, and enrich this study with discussions from other scholars.