景觀環境中自然與野性之關係探討

近年興起仿野性植栽的設計風潮，其強調在不進行人工維護或低度人工維護管理的情況下，使植物植物繁盛而生生不息，然而日趨野性的外觀，卻可能成為無秩序、而不讓人偏好的樣貌，即使過去有學者認為，過多或混亂的自然會導致偏好下降(Nassauer, 1995b)，但更多的研究指出，人們比起人工環境還是會較偏好充滿樹木、更自然的環境。然而，野性與自然同樣都能被視為是自然環境，卻會對偏好造成不同的影響。以視覺因子而言，過去在描述兩者的環境因子時，大多會提及環境所提供的秩序感；提及環境中的自然元素時，則多與植栽和人工維護程度有關。然而過去兩者在感知與偏好上卻鮮少被共同討論，因此本研究分別以三個子研究、四個實驗討論景觀環境中自然與野性的關係。研究一以描述自然與野性的字詞討論大眾對於兩者的感知，透過彙整文獻、字典上的詞意以及大眾的看法，共得出27組詞彙，並以5張環境照片進行評估。結果顯示，可分為「天然生成與無人干擾」、「狂野奔放」、「生命體與生命力」、「秩序感」四個向度，且發現過去在描述自然與野性時可能會有所混淆，而秩序感應該被視為是與野性和自然不同的概念。研究二以秩序感探討都市環境中的自然、野性和偏好的關係。實驗一以仿野性植栽設計的三井倉庫其一年前和一年後照片作為研究照片並進行評估，實驗二則是以較多樣的景觀照片確認實驗一之結果，兩實驗皆表示秩序感無法完全區分自然與野性，即越有秩序的環境會讓人感到自然，亦感到野性，但比起感受到自然，無秩序的環境會感受到更強的野性，同時也發現大眾依然喜歡自然，而非野性的環境。研究三則是以植栽量和人工維護程度的組合討論自然與野性的關係。結果顯示，越多的植栽量以及越低的人工維護，都會讓人感到環境越自然或野性，並且自然受到植栽量與人工維護的交互作用更加強烈，表示當人工維護程度越高時，如果提高環境中的植栽量，比起感受到更野性，人們可能會更容易感受到自然程度的提升。整體而言，人們偏好會偏好自然，而非野性；環境無序時，即使會同時感到自然與野性，但可能更容易感受到野性，而不受到偏好。因此自然和野性可能是不同的概念，而大眾對於兩者的概念依然混淆。本研究有助於了解大眾在環境中如何感知到自然與野性，並且從與偏好上釐清兩者間的關係，於實務上則可供環境規劃與景觀植栽設計參考，以營造更適合大眾親近自然與從事休閒活動的遊憩空間。

關鍵字

野生；秩序感；人工維護；植栽量；自然度

並列摘要

Wild landscape design is getting popular in recent years, which emphasizes maintenance-free, spontaneous and flourish vegetation. However, such flourish plants become increasingly wild, at the same time, they may become disorder and unfavorable. Previous studies have shown that people prefer natural environments, but messy natural might decrease preferences. However, recent studies have pointed out that people still prefer a more natural or vegetated environments than an artificial one. Although wildness and naturalness both can be regard as traits of natural environments, they have different effects on preferences. In terms of visual factors, in the past, when describing wildness and naturalness, it referred to the sense of order provided by the environment. When referring to the natural elements, it was mostly related to plants and maintenance. However, naturalness and wildness seem seldom to be discussed at the same time. Therefore, this thesis used three studies and four experiments to discuss the relationship between naturalness, wildness and landscape preference. Study 1 used adjectives that describing nature and wildness to understand the public’s perception. By summing up the literature, the meaning of terms in the dictionary, and the public’s opinion, a total of 27 sets of adjectives were derived and evaluated with 5 environmental photos. The results show that the concept can be divided into four dimensions: "naturally generated and undisturbed", "wild and unrestrained", "life and vitality", and "sense of order". The results showed that nature and wildness may be confused by the public. And, the sense of order should be regarded as a concept that differ from wildness and nature. The aims of Study 2 is to explore the relationships between nature, wildness, and preference in the urban environments from the sense of order. The study site of experiment 1 selects a wild landscape style park. The photos were taken at the completion of the park and one year after. More diverse landscape environments will be used in experiment 2 to confirm the relationship that experiment 1 explored. The results from both experiments showed that order cannot distinguish nature and wildness, which means the more disorder environment, the more natural and wild people feel. However, people may feel more wild in messy environment. And people still prefer nature, not wild environment. Study 3 explored the relationships between nature and the wild from two aspects: the amount of vegetation and the degree of maintenance. The results showed that people may feel wild and nature when the more vegetation or the less maintenance in environments. And nature is easier to be affected by the interaction between vegetation and maintenance. In short, when the degree of maintenance and the amount of vegetation are high, people may be feel natural rather than wild. Overall, people prefer nature over wild; the more messy environment is, the more natural and wild people feels, but it may be easier to feel wild. Therefore, nature and wildness may be different concepts, but it also showed that the public is confused about the two concepts. This thesis could help to understand how people perceive nature and wildness. In practice, it can be used as a reference for environmental planning and landscaping design, and to create a more suitable space for people to get close to nature and engage in leisure activities.