商戰與大同在進步的時代--清末民初滬、津的商會(1904-1927)

Trade Wars and Ultimate Unity in the Time of Progress--Shanghai and Tianjin Chambers of Commerce in Late Qing and Early Republic (1904-1927).

郭耀力(Jaroslaw Grzywacz)

指導教授 ： 劉翠溶

國立臺灣大學/文學院/歷史學研究所/博士(2004年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2004.00666

摘要

提要

在清末民初，自「新政」時期開始，商會是在中國大商埠及比較小的城鎮很明顯的機構，而當時的多數觀察者常常指出商會的勢力及調整地方市場的主要角色。中國商會也受到歷史家的注意。學者常常跟隨目擊者的看法而強調商會在地方社會的領導角色，但詳細的研究越來越多發現這機構的勢力及能力的限制與缺乏。

全面的商會研究由於資料的散見而受阻。不過，商會在地方社會明顯的角色讓關於商會的多種資料仍然相當豐富。這樣的情形促使商會的研究越來越多。這論文就是這方面努力的一部分。本論文研究滬、津商會在20世紀初設立到國民政府時期的經歷，探討的重點是商會的設立背景、早期的活動、清末民初的政治制度改變以及這些改變對商會組織及活動的影響。筆者選上海及天津兩大商埠是為了注意各地方商會的相同及差異。

這論文的題目《商戰與大同在進步的時代》是為了強調商會的一些重要特色。這些特色常常互相對立，但同時也互相補足而成為商會的「陰陽」。在注意一方面時也值得注意它的對立面。商會由政府設立以便聯合「官商一氣」而更嚴密監督商人的活動，但同時商會的設立增加商人團體的自治。不過，儘管商會注意組織的自治，在這方面卻跟官僚常常衝突，同時也注意跟官方的合作而不挑戰政府的監督權力。商會的設立為幫助政府勝利「商戰」及對抗外國商人的「侵入」，但同時商會也協助跟外國商人的合作，而隨著「世界潮流」導致一般的發展及「大同」。商會按照西方模式設立以推動中國的「進步化」及「現代化」，但同時商會組織保持不少傳統的特色及習慣。只有描述商會活動這樣既對立又互補的不同面向才得以比較平衡了解商會的角色。

商會組織主要的特色是行會聯合會的弁遄C第一章描述傳統行會的角色，強調行會的黃金時代在19世紀下半至20世紀初。商會不是以「現代」的機構替代「傳統」的行會。在20世紀初商會設立的時候，行會在地方市場扮演很重要角色而成為商會的主要會員。商會調整市場的能力依行會的能力及合作的願意而定。第二章描述歐美商會的經歷。因為中國商會是按照西方模式設立，值得多注意這模式的比較以便了解對中國商會的影響。第三章研究商會早期的計劃及設立的嘗試，以及這種努力跟當時中國情形的關係。第四章研究政府對商會組織的正式規定、滬津商會組織的發展、商會跟官僚關係的特色及跟官僚在保護自治方面的衝突。第五章研究商會經濟的弁鄐峖b經濟方面的活動。第六章注意商會對地方社會的服務及在政治方面的活動。第七章強調商會的精英特色，商會領導的媒介者、保證者及經紀者的弁遄A人際關係網絡在提供商會服務的重要性。此外，這章也討論商會跟「現代化」過程的關係、代表商人利益的辦法及資產階級的問題。

關鍵字

商會 ； 團體行會 ； 商人

並列摘要

Abstract

Chinese chambers of commerce from their setting up during the late Qing “New Policies” through the early Republic, were very visible institution in big cities as well as in smaller commercial centers. Chinese chambers of commerce attracted much attention of contemporary Western observers. They all emphasized crucial role of those chambers in managing daily affairs of their cities, especially their power and ability to regulate local market and commercial life. Western historians too often took these accounts for granted, but more detailed studies of the chambers reveal many constraints on their power.

This paper compares chambers of commerce in two of the most important commercial centers of contemporary China, Shanghai and Tianjin, and analyses the differences and similarities between them to better understand the mixed impact of central government policies and local conditions on the organizational life of merchants. The paper describes circumstances that led to establishment of chambers of commerce in the beginning of the twentieth century, early activities of the chambers in Shanghai and Tianjin, and organizational continuities and changes in the early Republic.

The title of the thesis serves to emphasize many contradictory aspects of chambers’ activities. Only in describing all those aspects we are able to get a more balanced understanding of the role of the Chinese chambers of commerce in economic and social life of that period. Setting up of local chambers of commerce was directly encouraged and urged by the central government in Beijing, as well as local officials, to “unite officials and merchants”, but the chambers’ most vigorous activities were often designed to defend their organizational autonomy which led to many conflicts between merchants and officials. Nevertheless, chambers of commerce never denied government’s right to supervise and the conflicts were rather caused by different understanding of the extent of the autonomy and supervision. Chambers of commerce and local as well as central government officials were usually willing to compromise and cooperate. One of the most important aspects of chambers’ activities was to facilitate contacts between merchants and officials and in spite of many conflicts, the ability to keep good relations with the government was crucial part of chambers’ legitimacy.

Another contradictory aspect of chambers’ activities was their role in “trade war”. Although chambers were designed by government and willingly accepted by merchants to help resist foreign economic “intrusions”, but at the same time they were also to facilitate contacts with outside world and to help Chinese merchants take part in worldwide development.

Chinese chambers of commerce were set up as a broad federation of local guilds, and in spite of many organizational changes they kept this characteristics throughout the period. This kind of arrangement gave the chambers both organizational strength and constraints. Chambers used close links with guilds to supervise and regulate local markets, but in order to do this the chambers relied on guilds’ willingness to cooperate. Chambers didn’t challenge or displaced guilds as basic institution regulating local commercial life, but became an elitist merchant organization responsible for mediating and compromising many different interests of local merchants. At the same time, the elitist features of the chambers helped them to become the most prestigious merchant organization and gave them leverage when dealing with guilds, other local elites, as well as with government officials.

並列關鍵字

guil ； chambers of commerce ； merchant organizations

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