臺灣養蜂業採蜜決策之經濟分析

本研究利用數學規劃方法，透過在養蜂箱數目及蜜源供給等限制，針對臺灣蜂農採集龍眼蜜及荔枝蜜之蜂箱運輸行為進行模擬，瞭解蜂農如何分配並運輸蜂箱至各縣市，以達成福利極大化之目標。接著添加「採蜜蜂群數量減少」及「龍眼及荔枝流蜜量減少」等兩種外部影響，分別進行區域性的敏感性分析，藉以評估蜂群消失及蜜源減少對臺灣蜂蜜生產之影響。期能協助臺灣蜂農找出最適的蜂箱運輸決策，並作為農政機關推動養蜂輔導措施時之參考依據。模擬結果顯示，在全臺最適的蜂箱運輸分配下，蜂蜜總產量共6,013.46公噸，價格落在每公斤214.71元，年產值則高達12.91億元。全臺有超過80%之蜂蜜產於中、南部地區，與實際生產情形類似，然而，全臺龍眼及荔枝之種植面積實不足以供應所有縣市蜂箱完成採蜜，導致多數縣市模擬產量少於實際產量。全臺蜂箱之平均運輸距離為229.71公里，尤其北部及東部地區因地理位置距龍眼及荔枝主要產區遙遠或交通不便，導致平均運輸距離較長。而平均一個蜂箱可為養蜂業創造6,939.84元之產值，並為蜂農帶來5,462.01元之利潤。建議蜂農於採蜜期間盡可能掌握蜜源產區之天候狀況，並避免過度依賴龍眼及荔枝等蜜源。最後，南部地區在兩種外部影響下皆為最敏感之地區，建議農政機關調查並整理南部地區各類蜜源作物之數量及分布情形，同時配合近年養蜂輔導措施加強推廣，鼓勵蜂農善加利用林地蜜源或綠肥作物。

關鍵字

養蜂業；蜂蜜；運輸決策；數學規劃；福利極大化；敏感性分析

並列摘要

In this study, a mathematical programming model is built to simulate the honey harvesting decisions for beekeepers in Taiwan under welfare maximization with constraints on the number of colony raised and nectar sources, namely longan and lychee. Then, by adding two kinds of external shock, including ‘decrease in colony size’ and ‘loss of nectar sources’ to the model, a regional sensitivity analysis is adopted to evaluate the effects of colony and nectar losses on honey production in Taiwan. The results show that the total production of honey is 6,013.46 tonnes with an equilibrium price of NT $214.71 per kilogram, and the total value of honey production has reached to NT $1.29 billion. Over 80% of honey is produced in Central and Southern Taiwan, which is very similar to the actual production. However, the supply for longan and lychee is not enough for all beekeepers to harvest honey, which results in a reduction of honey production in most areas of Taiwan. The average distance for transporting a colony is 229.71 kilometers, and especially for Northern and Eastern Taiwan, the distance is much longer than other areas. And in average, a colony can create NT $6,939.84 in terms of value of production, with a net profit of NT $5,462.01. It is suggested that beekeepers should consider the weather condition during honey harvesting season, and do not depend too much on longan and lychee. Lastly, the sensitivity analysis provides that Southern Taiwan is the most sensitive area in both kinds of external shock, so it is also suggested that government agencies in agriculture can investigate the species and number of honey plants in Southern Taiwan, and promote the use of forest honey plants and green manure crops as alternatives to longan and lychee.