- 學位論文
二戰回憶錄與1960年代法國歷史記憶的轉折－以《被遺忘的士兵》為例
The Memoires of the Second World War And the Transformation of French Historical Memories in the 1960’s-Taking Le Soldat Oublié as An Example
摘要
1967年蓋伊•薩傑(Guy Sajer)《被遺忘的士兵》(Le Soldat oublié)的出版，標示著戰後法國二戰記憶的轉向。自1944年至1967年以來一直主宰著二戰記憶的抵抗者神話(戴高樂神話)自此被打破，從而進入一段通敵記憶大量復甦的時期。然時至今日，當通敵行為的研究持續吸引大量法國史學者的目光時，學界對這部著作的討論仍多集中於作者與文本內容的真實性，或是此類記憶所帶有的納粹思想等議題。換言之，少有以薩傑本人的生平與這部著為媒介，探討二戰直到60年代末期法國記憶文化變遷之作品。因此，本研究以《被遺忘的士兵》為主要的材料，期望能回到薩傑所處的時代，藉由薩傑的雙眼重新認識不同視角下戰後法國記憶政策，以及他寫作的社會背景與個人動機。以其社會背景而言，1951年「侮辱國家罪」(Indignité nationale)的廢除與1953年格拉訥河畔奧拉杜爾(Oradour-sur-Glane)屠殺案的審判，標示著通敵行為的除罪化。1968年的「五月風暴」(Mai 68)，則使這部著作成為法國暢銷著作。而就個人動機而論，戰爭所造成的心理創傷與戰時到戰後的認同問題，也成為薩傑書寫的原動力。藉由觀察這些因素，薩傑的《被遺忘的士兵》標示著戴高樂記憶政策的鬆動，開啟70年代以降通敵記憶的蓬勃復甦。
並列摘要
The publication of Guy Sajer’s Le Soldat oublié in 1967 indicating a transitional point of post-war French memory of the Second World War. Since then, the Resister’s myth (or Gaullist myth), the dominating policy of memory from 1944 to 1967, has been undermined, therefore leading the nation into a period of memory boom of the collaboration. This work of memory, however, has been ignored or underestimated by most scholars in the past four decades. While scholars examined with sedulous carefulness especially on its veracity and authenticity or on the controversial issue of this very kind of memory, barely did they pay an effort on the work and author himself. This thesis will, consequently, focusing on the policy of memory, on the social context, and on the life of Guy Sajer in the post-war France. After inspecting the changes of the legal system and the author’s mental condition by the theory of trauma and self-identification, this thesis reveals that Le Soldat oublié was written with a motivation composed of social and personal reasons. Moreover, as the first work published by a former collaborator in the late 1960s, it forecasted the following period of memory boom, a time that the long-repressed memory of collaboration would eventually destroy the myth of de Gaulle.