泰雅族北勢群的部落變遷：從開山撫番到殖民治理（1874-1930）

本論文以泰雅族北勢群為對象，主要研究在清末至日治時期1920年代晚期，北勢群遭受外來政治力量的侵入，而與統治當局發生衝突，最終與之妥協，北勢各社成為底層行政單位的過程。並說明在官方不同時期的統治政策下，如何導致北勢各社部落性質和組成的變化。本研究發現，十八世紀中出現的屋鏊（鰲）等社可視為部分北勢各社的前身，他們被劃分為屋鏊、末毒和獅子三個行政社，內部13個小社應是泰雅族人的qalang（聚落），而數字大小與他們和外界接觸的順序有關，其中的屋鏊社應是後來的老屋峨社。其後，隨著山區的開發，北勢各社至清末已被外界知悉而被賦予不同的名稱。日治初期北勢群內部可再分成兩群，武榮、老屋峨、蘇魯和馬那邦等社可視為一群，另一群是被外界稱為「司馬限〔四〕社」的眉必浩、得木巫乃、蘆蓊和盡尾等社。他們彼此之間形成跨部落的攻守同盟，兩群人各有其較為緊密的生活圈。繼清末開山撫番之後，剛統治臺灣的日本殖民政府雖對山地治理較為鬆散，但卻隨著中北部山區的樟腦利益，以及流竄匪徒和北勢群因接觸而產生的衝突，促使臺灣總督府逐漸加強對山區的管控，而擬定討伐北勢群的計畫。歷經殖民當局對馬那邦社的討伐和五年理蕃計畫，最後在1920年代初期討伐結束後，北勢群與官方終於建立穩定的和解關係。不過，受到官方力量壓迫期間，北勢群的生活空間逐漸限縮，從清末以前活躍於大安溪右岸，擴及馬那邦山和蘇魯山以西之地，以及卓蘭和東勢的沿山地區，歷經漢人拓墾行動、清末的開山撫番和日治時期的理蕃政策，北勢群的生活空間被限縮到大安溪左岸山地，1920年代初期的流感騷動後，北勢各社更逐漸被移住在大安溪兩岸。在1930年代初期，北勢群從原本的8個社，分化成11個社，部落被納入國家行政之下，分別為新竹和臺中兩州地方政府下的駐在所集中管理，成為今日村里的雛形。部落的社會體制和傳統文化，也隨著政府的授產與教化事業逐漸改變。

關鍵字

泰雅族；北勢群；開山撫番；日治時期；理蕃行政；社群關係

並列摘要

This study discusses how the Atayal Mpaynux Tribe became the basic administrative unit after conflicting and compromising with the invading political force from 1874, the late Ch’ing dynasty, to the late 1920s, when Taiwan was a colony of Japan. This study also explains how official policies in different periods changed the nature and the composition of the Mpaynux Tribe. This study has found that aboriginal communities like Wuao she (community) that emerged in the mid-18th century can be seen as the precursors of some of the communities within the Mpaynux Tribe. They were divided into three administrative communities, namely, Wuao, Motu, and Shitzu, while the 13 smaller communities within should be the qalang (settlements) of the Atayal. Their numbers were linked to the order of their exposure to the outside world. Among them, Wuao should be later known as Mitoon. Then, with the development of the mountain areas, the Mpaynux Tribe became known to the outside world and was given different names. Under early Japanese rule, the Mpaynux Tribe could be further divided into two groups: Buyon, Mitoon, Suru and Manapan as one group, while the other included Mabiruha, Temokubonai, Robon, and Chimui, also called the “(four) Sumanhan communities.” In these groups, qutux phaban (cross-tribal defensive and offensive alliances) were formed, and the social bonds were thus reinforced among them. Compared with late Ch’ing’s policy, the subsequent Japanese governance of the mountain areas in Taiwan was less strict. However, the camphor profits in the central and northern mountains and the conflicts between roving gangsters and the Mpaynux Tribe prompted the colonial government to exert more control over the mountain areas and launch an expedition against the Mpaynux Tribe. After the government's expedition against the Manapan she and its five-year plan of aboriginal management, the Mpaynux Tribe eventually reconciled and established a stable relationship with the government. However, under the oppression of the government, the territory of the Mpaynux Tribe gradually shrank. Until the late Ch’ing dynasty, they lived on the right side of Ta’an River, in the regions west of Manapan and Suru Mountain, and on the mountainsides of Cholan and Tungshih. Then, due to the expansion of Han people, the late Ch’ing’s policy of “Opening the Mountains and Pacifying the Aborigines,” and the aboriginal management under Japanese rule, their territory was confined to the mountain areas on the left side of Ta’an River. After the flu-related riots in the early 1920s, the Mpaynux Tribe was even forced to settle on both sides of Ta’an River. In the early 1930s, the 8 communities of the Mpaynux Tribe split into 11, which were turned into colonial administration, governed by the police stations of Hsinchu and Taichung Prefectures, and became the prototype of today’s villages. The social system and traditional culture of the Tribe also changed gradually along with the government’s agricultural training and other civilizing activities.

並列關鍵字

the Atayal ； the Mpaynux Tribe ； Opening the Mountains and Pacifying the Aborigines ； Japanese Colonial Period ； Aboriginal Administration ； Tribal Relationship