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  • 學位論文

條件拉丁超立方採樣法結合分區策略應用於土壤重金屬污染之初步監測

Applying conditioned Latin hypercube sampling combined with stratifications in initial soil sampling of heavy metals

指導教授 : 林裕彬

摘要


土壤重金屬污染為現今重要的環境污染議題之一,由於重金屬污染對於自然環境及公眾健康有極大之危害,因此必須要持續監測並且對已污染區域進行整治,而為了在無背景調查資料時能夠了解重金屬污染之空間分布以界定污染之範圍,初次採樣時即需仰賴良好之採樣策略以確保具代表性樣本之取得,進而提升後續污染分布推估之準確性及整治之效率。條件拉丁超立方採樣法(cLHS)為結合退火程序及啟發式規則之採樣方法,可有效挑選出較符合原始資料特性之子樣本,但其並無考慮資料之空間分布。本研究以彰化縣內946筆土壤樣本之鉻、銅、鎳、鋅等四種重金屬濃度與環境變數為研究材料,應用條件拉丁超立方採樣法並結合中樣區網格分區以及灌區分區兩種空間分區策略,先利用羅吉斯回歸挑選出相關環境變數作為採樣法之輔助變數進行不同樣本數之採樣,同時引入地理統計理論進行空間模擬,最後計算多次模擬下採樣樣本與原始資料之平均值及空間變異度誤差,期望能藉此了解不同採樣策略以及採樣數下各子樣本之基本統計量與空間變異性重現情況。本研究架構可分為方法驗證及模擬全域採樣兩部分,驗證部分先由原始946點土壤重金屬資料以相關環境變數為基礎進行再採樣,由結果顯示條件拉丁超立方採樣確實能由相關環境變數中選取出代表性樣本;模擬全域採樣部分則是以原始946點土壤樣本進行1000次逐步指標模擬後,將採樣點位置對應至各模擬圖層並計算各圖層基本統計量與空間變異之平均絕對誤差值(MAE),最後由1000次誤差之平均值結果討論不同採樣策略及不同樣本數下時以相關環境變數進行初次監測採樣之成效。最後結果顯示平均值誤差受採樣數大小影響不明顯,而空間變異誤差則會隨採樣數增加而明顯下降;此外,當以條件拉丁超立方採樣法結合灌區分區策略時,整體上較能夠保留原始資料之統計特性與空間變異情況,可實際應用於重金屬污染區域之初次採樣監測。

並列摘要


Soil pollution of heavy metals is one of the most important environment issues, and it is necessary to monitor and proceed remediation for contaminated area duo to the serious impact of heavy metal pollution to the environment and public health concerns. An efficient sampling strategy is needed to know the correct spatial distribution of soil pollutants to delineate the contaminated area, and reduce the follow-up sampling points to decrease the remediation costs. Conditioned Latin Hypercube Sampling (cLHS) is a sampling method using search algorithm based on heuristic rules combined with an annealing schedule, and it is demonstrated that cLHS could accurately reproduce the original distribution of the environmental covariates. In this study, the original 946 sampling data of Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn and correlated ancillary information in Chand-Hua County are used, and cLHS with two stratifications are applied to resample original data by selected ancillary variables. The errors of statistical and spatial of resampled data are calculated to discuss the influence of different sampling strategies and sample sizes on reproducibility. After proving that representative sampling could be selected by ancillary data, 1000 times sequential indicator simulation (SIS) are carried out in this study with original data, and the mean average error (MAE) is used to evaluate the efficiency of sampling strategies and sample sizes with ancillary information on the first time sampling. The results reveal that error of average value is not affected obviously by the change of sample size. However, the error of spatial variance decreases when the sample size increases. In conclusion, cLHS combined with irrigation stratification can efficiently preserve the statistic characteristics and spatial structure of the original data.

參考文獻


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