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  • 學位論文

以玉山重複調查及公民科學資料探討臺灣繁殖鳥類海拔分布變遷

Applying Resurvey Methods and Citizen Science Data to Investigate Dynamic of Altitudinal Distribution of Breeding Birds in Taiwan

指導教授 : 丁宗蘇
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摘要


在全球暖化的趨勢下,許多研究顯示生物會往高緯度或高海拔的方向移動,然並非所有的研究結果皆是如此。臺灣為一高山林立的海島,海拔高度涵跨範圍大,相當適合偵測生物於全球暖化下的海拔分布變遷。惟長時間的生物分布資料十分稀少,故除了系統性調查資料外,本研究亦同時彙整分析非系統性調查資料。系統性調查資料的部分,係透過比對1992年及2014年的玉山現地調查資料,以瞭解臺灣高山繁殖鳥類的海拔分布變遷;而非系統性調查資料的部分,則是分析中華民國野鳥學會鳥類紀錄資料庫1972年至2010年間的紀錄報告,以全面偵測臺灣繁殖鳥類海拔分布之可能歷史趨勢。玉山現地調查於二調查年共記錄到62鳥種,並依據於不同海拔高度之調查樣站所記錄到的族群密度,計算出各鳥種於二調查年的海拔分布加權平均值。分析結果顯示玉山整體鳥類的海拔分布於22年間有顯著差異,平均上升60 m。而非系統性調查資料之分析,則於剔除努力量不足及海拔範圍涵跨過大之紀錄報告後,依記錄地點劃分至以500 m為間隔的海拔帶,並分別採用廣義線性模式來檢測各鳥種於各年份、各海拔帶的出現比率之變化,以瞭解其海拔分布變遷。124種繁殖鳥類依據檢測結果及本研究定義,其中8種分布上升,19種分布下降,28種增加,57種減少,9種無顯著改變,3種則為其他類型。部分鳥種檢測結果與相關報告或賞鳥者經驗感受相符,例如:臺灣夜鷹、黑翅鳶及黑冠麻鷺為整體增加,山麻雀及八哥為整體減少。與非系統性調查資料相比,玉山現地調查資料之分析結果較為可信,且較能真實反映當地鳥類的海拔分布變遷情形。非系統性調查資料之分析結果則容易受到資料結構的影響,包括資料來源的地域性差異及使用者的組成等,而造成檢測結果並非完全可信。然而,在缺乏系統性調查資料的情況下,透過分析長期且大量的非系統性調查資料所得之結果,可提供值得關注的預警訊息,以及未來可詳細探討與調查的候選對象。

並列摘要


Under current trend of global warming, many but not all studies have shown that species shift their distribution ranges poleward and upward. Taiwan is a mountainous island with wide elevation range that is suitable to examine the elevation range shifts of species. Owing to limited systematic survey data, unsystematic survey data are also including in this study. I examined the temporal changes in altitudinal distribution of breeding bird species in Taiwan by using systematic field investigation data of 1992 and 2014 in Mt. Yushan, and unsystematic records of birdwatchers from 1972 to 2010 in Chinese Wild Bird Federation (CWBF) Bird Report Database. The surveys in Mt. Yushan, conducted with same investigation methods and efforts at same sampling stations in 1992 and 2014, recorded 62 species in total. The weighted average of altitudinal distribution of overall bird species significantly differed between the years, with an average upward shift of 60 m. After excluding reports with low sampling effort or excessive elevation range in CWBF database, I used Generalized Linear Model to detect trends in presence of bird species in seven 500-m elevational bands from 1972 to 2010. Of the 124 species, 8 species showed upward shifting, 19 species showed downward shifting, 28 species showed increasing, 57 species showed decreasing, 9 species showed no significant change, and 3 species showed other results. Some of the results were consistent with other independent census or birdwatchers’ experience in this time period, such as Savanna Nightjar (Caprimulgus affinis), Black-shouldered Kite (Elanus caeruleus) and Malayan Night-Heron (Gorsachius melanolophus) were overall increasing, and Russet Sparrow (Passer rutilans) and Crested Myna (Acridotheres cristatellus) were overall decreasing. Compared with unsystematic reports of birdwatchers, the results of systematic field investigation should be more reliable and can truly reflect the elevation range shifts of local bird species. Meanwhile, unsystematic data might be affected by temporal and spatial bias in locations and surveyors and thus reduce its reliability. However, systematic survey data are usually lacking in most situations. Examining long-term huge unsystematic survey data, though imperfect, can reveal noteworthy warning information and provide candidates of future detailed investigation.

參考文獻


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