著作權的刑事規範妥當性與表現自由之衝突：從歷史、理論與憲法角度觀察

本篇論文希望重新探討著作權本身的本質、範圍，讓著作權與表現自由之間的互動關係更加明確，並藉此重新審視目前刑事責任過度擴張而有損害表現自由之情形，讓著作權能夠與表現自由有和諧之互動關係，並能真正成為表現自由之「引擎」。本文第一章說明研究動機、研究方法與限制，以及論文的編排；第二章對歷史源流進行探討，描繪著作權的本質及範圍，本文選擇英、法、美三國及國際公約發展進行檢討，觀察到著作權的保護標的之核心為重製相關的利益、保護理論的不同、言論審查之可能性，及著作權擴張趨勢與言論自由衝突之可能。第三章從上位之抽象理論尋找權利範圍、互動方式解釋方法，本文介紹自然法（洛克、康德）、效益主義等理論，最後本文採用馬傑斯（Merges）的三層理論架構，包含上層之抽象原理、中層之四項綜合判斷原理（非專有性原理、尊嚴性原理、效率性原理及比例性原理）與下層之實務操作，藉由中層平台連接抽象上層理論與下層之實務操作，同時，本文採用康德理論作為上層原理。第四章本文對於「內部調整原理」進行檢討，在該章中本文分別說明：檢討之必要、各國作法、衝突如何處理、是否有衝突、目前的內部調整原理是否能夠妥善處理。首先，就刑法規範的檢討必要性及其機能部分，本文採「最低限度的利益衡平說」，僅在利益總量嚴重失衡時才適用刑法規範。第二，本文比較美國、日本，發現我國修法太過被動。第三，本文從憲法角度說明表現自由及著作權的關係以明確其衝突的處理方式。第四，本文整理實務與學說見解，認為著作權與表現自由之間有衝突之情況，且越來越多。最後，本文檢討內部調整原理的運作實際情況（包含思想表達區分論、合理使用原則、存續期間、詼諧仿作等）並認為目前內部調整原理都有其界限，無法對權利人與利用人進行妥善調和，但我國可以試圖引進要件較明確的歐盟（以法國為代表）詼諧仿作制度。第五章本文以違憲審查及修法草案檢討的方式，從「外部」進行檢討。首先，本文說明著作權仍有發生事前審查、內容規制之可能，因此有採取嚴格審查的可能。接著本文將著作權法的刑事規範分為以下五類：①重製罪與其他未添加創作性之利用行為、②改變著作內容或添加自身要素之類型、③公開發表權、姓名表示權、④禁止不當變更權及⑤其他對表現自由限制程度較低的刑責，就①②④本文採嚴格審查、③⑤本文採寬鬆審查。本文認為①之部分對於二次、衍生創作或利用顧慮不足、對正版品刑責失衡、對真品平行輸入的後行為顧慮不足，有違憲之虞；②④之部分直接限制了二次、衍生創作或利用之內容，應屬違憲；③⑤對於言論自由所帶來的限制較小，應屬合憲。最後，本文檢討近期修法草案（全盤修正草案、因應CPTPP修正草案），認為1.合理使用規範仍有加強之處、2.刑事部分可參照本文所提之調整方案修改。結論上，上層原理方面，應最大化著作權的取得、保護範圍（最大化權利人的選擇範圍），但法律保護範圍、權利範圍、與其他權利、自由衝突之處理等等，應受普遍性原則之誡命限制。實際運用方面，可綜合判斷中層原理，並運用在下層操作，例如加強與修正合理使用規範、刪除部分刑事規範及增加限制要件等等，以回復權利之調和狀態。

關鍵字

著作權；表現自由；刑事責任；詼諧仿作；二次創作；馬傑斯

並列摘要

This thesis hopes to create a harmonious interactive relationship between copyright and freedom of expression, and will focus on the criminal liability of copyright. The first chapter of this thesis explains the motivation behind the research, research methods and limitations, and the thesis layout. The second chapter discusses the developmental history of copyright, as well as describing its nature and scope. This thesis selects Britain, France, the United States, and the development of international conventions to review and observe that the core of copyright protection is related to reproducibility, differences in protection theories, the possibility of speech censorship, and the possibility of conflicts between copyright expansion and freedom of speech. The third chapter searches for the scope of rights and interactive interpretation methods from the upper abstract theory. This thesis introduces theories of natural law (Locke, Kant), utilitarianism, etc. Finally, this thesis adopts the three-tier theoretical framework of Merges, including the upper-level of some abstract principle and theory (Normative Foundations), the midlevel of four comprehensive judgment principles (including non-removal, dignity, efficiency, and proportionality principles), and the lower level of the practical operation (Specific Practices). The midlevel platform connects the abstract upper level theory and the lower level practical operation; meanwhile, this thesis adopts Kant’s theory as the upper-level theory. The fourth chapter reviews the "Internal Adjustment Principles", and explains the necessity of the review, the practices of various countries, how to deal with conflicts, whether there are conflicts, and whether the current internal adjustment principles can be handled properly. First of all, regarding the necessity of reviewing criminal law norms and their functions, this thesis adopts the "Minimum Balance of Interests Theory", which means criminal law norms are only to be applied when the total amount of interests is seriously unbalanced. Secondly, this thesis compares the United States and Japan and finds that Taiwan's law revision is too passive. Thirdly, this thesis explains the relationship between freedom of expression and copyright from the perspective of the constitution to clarify ways to deal with conflicts. Fourthly, this article sorts out practical and theoretical opinions and believes that there are more and more conflicts between copyright and freedom of expression. Finally, this article reviews the actual operation of the internal adjustment principle (including the theory of the idea/expression dichotomy, fair use, duration, and parody) and believes that the current internal adjustment principle has its limits and cannot be properly performed on the right holder and the user. In addition, Taiwan can try to introduce the EU (represented by France) parody rule, which has clearer requirements. The fifth chapter reviews the "External" in the form of constitutional review and review of draft amendments. First of all, this thesis explains that there is still the possibility of pre-censorship and content censorship of copyright regulations, so it is possible to adopt strict review. Next, this article divides the criminal norms of the Copyright Law into the following five categories: Replicate crimes and others that do not add creativity; Acts of altering the content of the work or adding its own elements; Public publication rights, right to expression of name; Rights to prohibit improper alterations; Other less restrictive freedom of expression. In Replicate crimes and others that do not add creativity, Acts of altering the content of the work or adding its own elements, and Rights to prohibit improper alterations, this thesis adopts the high standard of review. In Public publication rights, right to expression of name and Other less restrictive freedom of expression, this thesis adopts the low standard of review. This thesis believes that Replicate crimes and others that do not add creativity, exhibits insufficient concerns about secondary, derivative creation or use, imbalance of criminal liability for genuine products, and insufficient concerns about the behavior of parallel input of genuine products, which may be unconstitutional; while Acts of altering the content of the work or adding its own elements and Rights to prohibit improper alterations, directly restrict secondary, derivative creation or the content used should be unconstitutional; meanwhile the restrictions on freedom of speech are small and should be constitutional in Public publication rights, right to expression of name and Other less restrictive freedom of expression. Finally, this thesis reviews the recent draft amendments (draft amendment of full-scale copyright law, draft amendment in response to the CPTPP), and this thesis believes the fair use norms are still need to strengthen, and the criminal part can be modified with reference to the adjustment plan mentioned in this thesis. In conclusion, in terms of upper-level principles, the acquisition and protection scope of copyright should be maximized (to maximize the scope of choice of the right holder), but the scope of legal protection, the scope of rights, and the handling of conflicts with other rights, freedom, etc., should be subject to the Universal Rule. In terms of actual application, the midlevel principles can be comprehensively judged and applied to the lower-level operations, such as strengthening and amending the fair use regulations, deleting some criminal regulations, adding restrictive elements, etc., to restore the state of harmony of rights.