新加坡吸引外人直接投資政策之研究以生物醫藥產業為例

新加坡對外人直接投資採自由開放政策，根據聯合國貿易和發展會議(UNCTAD)「2020 年世界投資報告」，是世界第五大外人直接投資流入國，國內五家企業中即有一家是外資企業，外資企業在總企業數的占比中約有19%。本文以文獻探討與回顧方式，系統歸納新加坡成功引進外人直接投資的原因，並探討外人直接投資對新加坡生技產業產生的影響，將依循歷史軌跡回顧新加坡生物醫藥產業發展，對應產業政策和外資策略。在外資策略上，新加坡政府選擇吸引高技術層級的外資企業進駐為主，並認為知識和創新是經濟持續發展的關鍵驅動力，自1990年以國家技術計劃鎖定特定領域的技術發展，之後每五或十年為期制定科技計畫，以計畫帶動科學技術產業發展，在30年科技研發佈局上，生物醫藥產業一直是重點領域之一。新加坡為促使經濟發展，以政策吸引外資進駐，投注大量資源在科學研究上，並善用政策鼓勵創新創業、扶植當地企業、鏈結各個單位、建立合作關係，創造產業群聚效應，對於生物醫藥產業最重要建設有啟奧生技園區和大士生物醫學園等，因為完善的科技發展策略，提供高品質、高技術的人力、人才和基礎設施等策略，新加坡成為創業創新和知識基地的樞紐中心，吸引越來越多的國際生醫公司進駐新加坡，外資的進駐也帶動經濟上揚和產業成長，科技發展策略與外人直接投資之間產生正向關係。新加坡國內大多為中小企業，產業結構約有90%是中小企業，新加坡政府觀察到規模較小的生物醫藥公司，此類型的小公司是創新的引擎，政府意識到須將中小企業與跨國企業連結在一起，採取產業群聚、生態系統等方式，推動當地企業發展，但在吸引外資為導向的大架構，從現今整個產業結構上，可觀察到外商企業成長率遠高於當地企業，表現狀況也比當地企業更佳。

關鍵字

新加坡；外人直接投資；生物醫藥產業

並列摘要

Singapore adopts a liberal and open policy towards foreign direct investment (FDI). According to the “World Investment Report 2020” of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Singapore is the world's fifth-largest FDI inflow country, with one in five Singaporean companies being foreign-funded, accounting for 19% of the total number of companies. This paper systematically summarizes the reasons for Singapore's successful introduction of FDI in the form of literature studies and reviews, explores the impact of FDI on Singapore's biomedical industry, and reviews the development of Singapore's biomedical industry in light of its historical trajectory, corresponding industrial policy, and foreign investment strategy. In terms of foreign investment strategy, the Singapore government has chosen to primarily recruit foreign companies with high-end technology, and believes that knowledge and innovation are the key drivers of sustainable economic development. It has been targeting technology development in specific areas with the National Technology Plan since 1990 and formulating technology plans every five years to drive the development of science, technology industry. The biomedical industry has been a key area of research and development for 30 years. In order to promote economic development, Singapore has used its policies to attract foreign investment, invested a lot of resources in scientific research, and leveraged its policies to encourage innovation and entrepreneurship, foster local enterprises, link various units, establish partnerships, and create an industrial clustering effect. For the biomedical industry, the most important projects are Biopolis and Tuas Biomedical Park, etc. Because of the sound strategies, including technology development, and the provision of high-quality, high-tech manpower, talent and infrastructure, Singapore has become a hub for entrepreneurial innovation and a knowledge base, attracting an increasing number of international biomedical companies to Singapore. The arrival of foreign investment has also driven economic upturn and industrial growth, creating a positive relationship between technology development strategies and foreign direct investment. Singapore's domestic business sector is mainly made up of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), with about 90% of the industry structure being SMEs. The Singapore government has observed that smaller biomedical companies are the engine of innovation and is aware of the need to link SMEs with multinational enterprises and promote the development of local enterprises through industry clusters and ecosystems. However, under the general guideline of attracting foreign investment, it can be seen that the growth rate of foreign companies is much higher than that of local companies, and nowadays, their performance is better than that of local companies in the whole industry structure.