協商邊界地帶：燕窩產業、聲音技術、檳城遺產地景

Negotiating borderlands: Bird’s Nest Business, Sound Technology, Heritage Landscape, in Penang, Malaysia

郭育安(Yu-An Kuo)

指導教授 ： 洪伯邑

國立臺灣大學/理學院/地理環境資源學研究所/碩士(2018年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU201803780

摘要

馬來西亞檳城喬治市在2008年登入世界文化遺產，在國際殊榮之下城內尚有許多待解決之事，其一最大爭議是養燕產業的問題。金絲燕（swiftlet）是一種用口水吐巢的鳥類，棲息在熱帶潮濕的山洞，也會主動在人類的建築物上築巢。這些鳥巢經處理後即是昂貴的燕窩，為華人飲食文化的一部份。喬治市入遺前已有燕屋的存在，2008年便爆發養燕的爭議，養燕從合法變成違法，政府最後強制拆遷遺產區的燕屋。藉由共4個月的田野工作、蒐集當地文本檔案、以及訪談燕農、遺產工作者與當地居民。追溯這項爭議，本研究以動物地理學的關懷、地景研究的取徑，來重新思考人與動物的關係，進而提出既自然又人為的技術，如「燕屋」、「引燕聲」如何模糊人類與動物的邊界，並試圖詮釋「聲音技術」如何創造、延展了邊界地帶（borderland）的張力，討論自然－文化、人類－動物、野生－畜牧等之間，存在無法明確劃界的模糊地帶，進而反思何謂文化遺產、人與動物的關係又如何經由市民的遺產地景實作，形塑出世界遺產的地方新想像。本文發現邊界地帶不只是單粹之人與自然的模糊空間，更是有地域、知識條件、日常實作的支撐，鑲嵌於跨國經濟生產空間的互補角色，富有多重層次的模糊地帶。

關鍵字

動物地理學 ； 燕窩產業 ； 邊界地帶 ； 聲音技術 ； 檳城遺產地景

並列摘要

Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia was inscribed an UNESCO world cultural heritage sites in 2008. However, this honor was belied by various issues, with swiftlet framing being one of the trickiest. Swiftlet are a species of birds that can use their saliva to make nest in humans’ homes. These birds’ nest can be cooked into a soup considered a delicacy and a lucrative business in Chinese food culture. The Chinese Malaysian community in Penang started to farm swiftlets beginning in the 1990s, due to the numerous old houses in Penang being perfect for swiftlets. In 2008, when Georgetown became a cultural heritage site, controversies soon arose over bird farming in this city. Ultimately, in order to improve the city for both locals and tourist alike, as well as to preserve the old homes, swiftlet farming was made illegal. Using 4 months of fieldwork, interviews and local archives, my research use the lens of animal geography to illustrate how sound technology creates and extends the tensions of borderlands. Discussing nature and culture, humans and animals, wild and domestication, these binaries are blurred and usually coexist in borderlands. This work give provides a way to rethink how human-animal borderlands renew the local imagination for world cultural heritage and shape the meaning of heritage construction within daily practices. I attempt to explain that borderlands are not only blurred spaces between humans and animals. Borderlands are leveled and multi-meaning, always supported by regions, knowledgeable conditions and daily practices, and embedding the complementary role of transnational economic production spaces.

並列關鍵字

animal geography ； bird’s nest industry ； borderlands ； sound technology ； Penang cultural heritage

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