代工產業從西進到南向策略分析-以蘋果手機組裝代工廠為例

過往，台灣代工廠均以勞工成本為優先考量，才紛紛西進設廠，發展出勞力密集的代工產業，因而造就出中國的「世界工廠」，但隨著中國的經濟快速起飛、勞工薪資持續上漲、勞動力萎縮及社會、文化的轉變中，中國大陸的人口紅利遂逐漸消失，勞動成本不斷提高，勞工密集的電子代工廠即面臨龐大勞工成本增加的壓力、加上美中貿易戰的催化，迫使代工廠、品牌商得重新思考全球供應鏈的布局，因此，美商蘋果公司為了避免美國課徵中國製造商品的高額關稅，又要能倖免於中國對蘋果手機採取的制裁手段，最佳的策略布局就是一以「中國市場」為主，扶植紅色供應鏈的代工廠，以擴展低價需求 ; 另外是以「中國以外的市場」為主，避免過度依賴中國製造，分散供應鏈，加速帶領台灣三大組裝代工廠前進印度，擴展新興市場。此舉，雖然讓勞力密集的代工產業加速前往印度製造，但以當前中國的供應鏈體系仍屬最為完整的趨勢下，將先採取「分散式」供應鏈的產能調配，將全球各地不同地區的原物料、生產製造、勞動力、以及市場需求等，透過產銷供應鏈做出最佳化的統籌組合，以本研究分析探討，台灣能夠善用過往兩岸的運籌管理經驗，並將台灣一向具有競爭優勢之人才、知識與技術透過資訊管理系統，建立起跨國界的供應鏈之資源整合模式、以達高效率降低成本、強化競爭優勢，提升台灣在全球供應鏈體系中的關鍵角色。印度擁有「世界工廠」發展的利基，具有豐沛廉價的勞動力及龐大低廉的土地成本，雖然充滿機會，但本研究分析發現，印度除了符合發展勞動密集產業的條件外，整個投資環境面向都比中國還要嚴苛、代工產業想要再創造最大的利潤化，將得面臨更嚴峻的考驗與挑戰，尤其是面對進口材料、製造技術、生產設備成本的增加，和不同過往思維的工廠管理模式，以及供應鏈的高成本與斷鏈的高風險。透過本研究探討循著中國、印度發展成為「世界工廠」的利基條件下，可以預測下一個在地製造的「世界工廠」國家，以便超前部署下一個「在地製造」的供應鏈布局。面對「印度製造」、迎向多變、未知詭局的全球情勢，也是台灣深化競爭新優勢的機會，以便能突破低毛率的困境，開創出台灣代工產業的新紀元，本研究主要建議如下：一、下一個「在地製造」的布局二、代工產業技術的研發、創新、突破及領先三、尋求積極轉型的明星產業 [1]. AI 人工智慧 [2]. 5G 應用產業 [3]. 醫療健康科技 [4]. IOT 物聯網產業 [5]. 電動車產業

關鍵字

台灣組裝代工廠；印度製造；運籌管理；自動化；在地製造；轉型產業

並列摘要

In the past, Taiwan’s EMS (Electronic Manufacturing Services) factories have taken labor costs into consideration. They have moved westward to set up factories and devel-oped labor-intensive industries to create China’s "World Factory." However, with the de-velop of China’s rapid economic take-off, rising labor wages, shrinking labor force, and social and cultural changes, the demographic dividend of mainland China are gradually disappearing, labor costs are rising, labor-intensive EMS industries are facing pressure from huge labor costs, coupled with the catalysis of the US-China trade war, forcing EMS and brand owners to rethink the layout of the global supply chain. On the one hand Apple Inc. prevents The United States from imposing high tariffs on Make-in-China products, on the other hand would be exempted from China’s sanctions on Apple’s mo-bile phones. The best strategic layout is to focus on the "Chinese market" and foster “Red Supply Chain” industries to expand demand for low prices market. ; In addition, focusing on "markets overseas of China", avoiding excessive reliance on Make-In-China, decen-tralizing the supply chain, and accelerating the lead of Taiwan’s three major EMS indus-tries to India and expanding into emerging markets. This action has accelerated the labor-intensive industry to manufacture in India. However, with the current trend that China’s supply chain system is still the most com-plete, it will take the “decentralized” supply chain to adjust the capacity allocation to inte-grate the commodities, produce, labor and market demand, , etc. in different regions around the world, are optimized through the production and marketing supply chain to make an optimal overall combination. According to this research analyzes that Taiwan has experience in cross-strait Global Logistics Management, and Taiwan’s traditional com-petitive advantage is to make good use of outstanding talents, Knowledge and technology through the information management system, establish a resource integration model for cross-border supply chains, achieve high-efficiency cost reduction, strengthen competitive advantages, and enhance Taiwan's key role in the global supply chain system. India is possessed of niche to develop into the “World Factory”, that is cheap labor and low land cost. Although it is full of opportunities, the analysis of this research found that in addition to meeting the conditions for the development of labor-intensive indus-tries, the entire investment environment is more stringent than China’s. If the foundry in-dustry wants to create maximum profitability, it will have to face more severe tests and challenges, especially in the face of the increase in the cost of imported rowmaterials, manufacturing technology, production equipment, and the factory management model of different past thinking, as well as the supply chain has high costs and high risk of broken link. This research follows the niche conditions of China and India developing the "world factory" and predicts that which country would be the next "World Factory". In order to deploy in advance to plan the supply chain layout for the next "local manufacturing". Facing "Made in India" head on, overcoming the global changeable and unknown conspiracy, it is also an opportunity for Taiwan to deepen its new competitive advantages, break through the dilemma of low gross rate, and create a new era of Taiwan's foundry industry. The main recommendations of this research are as follows: （一）. The next ``local manufacturing'' layout （二）. Technology research and development, innovation, breakthrough and leading （三）. Seeking to actively transform the star industry [1]. AI artificial intelligence [2]. 5G Application Industry [3]. Smart health technology Industry [4]. IOT (Internet of Things) Industry [5]. Electric vehicle industry

並列關鍵字

ＥＭＳ； Taiwanese foundries ； Make In India ； Global Logistics Management ； local manufacturing ； automation ； transformation and upgrading ； World Factory