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  • 學位論文

土壤沖蝕估算方式與影響因子之探討以石門水庫集水區為例

Estimation of Soil Erosion and Statistical Analysis of Controlling Factors in Shihmen Reservoir Watershed

指導教授 : 李鴻源

摘要


泥砂產量推估是集水區治理工作之一大重點,目前台灣地區對於集水區產砂資訊非常欠缺,以致對泥砂產量所帶來之災害無法有效掌握,因此如何正確推估土壤沖蝕率與泥砂產量,是集水區治理工作之首要重點。以往在集水區泥砂及土壤沖蝕率的推估,均仰賴通用土壤流失公式(USLE)進行估算,然而多數集水區範圍廣闊、空間變異性大,以致難以獲得準確的參數因子,而造成估算的誤差。137Cs技術不僅擁有不受時、空尺度的限制,又可估算長期的土壤沖蝕率及辨識泥砂來源,此特性對於集水區內土地利用如何影響土壤沖蝕程度的探討有很大的助益。 然而在石門水庫集水區內採集土壤中137Cs含量樣本的工作執行不易、且採樣過程既耗時又費工,因此以邱昱嘉(2008)於石門水庫集水區所採集的1265個137Cs樣本的點位資料進行迴歸分析及影響因子的相關性探討,並試著推導出適用於石門水庫集水區的土壤沖蝕率估算式,並與USLE估算結果討論比較。 在迴歸分析的案例上,以三光及稜角集水區的擾動土壤樣本迴歸所得之土壤沖蝕率估算式之R2值最高﹝R2值=0.664﹞,將迴歸式套入整個石門水庫集水區的擾動土壤樣本,亦可以解釋高達60%土壤沖蝕率變異量,因此此迴歸式在石門水庫集水區中具有很高的可信度。 研究中發現,USLE估算之土壤沖蝕率有明顯高估的現象,就整個石門水庫集水區而言,其大約高估137Cs估算結果的1.5倍,從土地利用方面來看,在未擾動土壤﹝即森林地、草生地﹞約高估5倍、擾動土壤﹝農耕地﹞約高估3倍,此結果差是因USLE在估算土壤沖蝕率時並無考慮土壤的堆積效應,以致其估算常會有高估的結果產生。利用137Cs技術估算之不同土地利用的土壤沖蝕變化有,林地:3 tha-1yr-1、草生地:3.8 tha-1yr-1、果園:52.1 tha-1yr-1、農田:42.4 tha-1yr-1、菜園:40.3 tha-1yr-1,此結果與USLE估算之土壤沖蝕率受覆蓋及管理因子影響之趨勢相同。

關鍵字

137Cs技術 土壤沖蝕 USLE 迴歸分析

並列摘要


The estimation of sediment yield is one of the major topic in the watershed management. Because of the lack of information, the disaster from sediments can not effectively be controlled. Therefore, the primary focus of watershed management is to estimate soil erosion rates and sediment yield correctly. In the past, estimation of soil erosion rates is usually based on Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), but it is not easy to obtain accurate parameter factors, because of the difficulty of field investigations. 137Cs technique is not restriced in time and space, and it can be used to estimate long-term soil erosion rate and identify the sources of sediment. These characteristics on soil erosion research has great benefits. It is a difficult work to collect soil samples to analyze 137Cs inventory, and the sampling process is time-consuming in the Shihmen Reservoir Watershed. Based on collected 1,265 137Cs samples (Chiu, 2008), we use regression and the relevance analyses of impact factors, and then establish the equation to estimate soil erosion rate, and compare with ULSE’s results. In the case of the regression analysis, the cultivated soil samples of Sanguang and Lingiao watershed have a maximum R2 value (R2=0.66). The regression equation incorporated into the cultivated soil samples can also be explained as high as 60% of the variance of soil erosion rate. Therefore, this regression equation has great credibility in the Shihmen Reservoir Watershed. In this study, soil erosion rate was obviously over-estimated 1.5 times form ULSE than the 137Cs results. The soil erosion rate of uncultivated soil samples (forest and grassland) are over-estimated about 5 times, and 3times of cultivated soil samples (farmland). USLE does not consider the effects of soil deposition, so that the estimation is often over-esimated. However, the estimation of soil erosion rate by 137Cs technique such as forestland: 3 tha-1yr-1, grassland: 3.8 tha-1yr-1, orchard51.9 tha-1yr-1, and farmland: 45 tha-1yr-1 has the same trend with the ones from USLE.

參考文獻


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