- 學位論文
現代型國家下的個人身分及其識別—百年來的台灣個人資料法社會史—
The Identity and Identification in the Modern State: The legal history concerning personal data in Taiwan (1895-2010)
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摘要
不同於傳統中國法為了徵稅和維持治安而進行的鬆散人口調查，已經轉變為現代型國家的日本帝國，從1895年開始將現代型人口掌控機制引進台灣。作為一個外來統治者的日本政權，在統治初期遭到了台灣社會的強烈抵抗，而為了國籍選擇而進行的人口調查工作也是事倍功半。為此，台灣總督府重新啟用了傳統中國法中的保甲制度，使其協助警察剿滅抗日份子、調查當地人民的身家資料。這項結合了警察與保甲的人口調查方式，確實有助於統治者取得更多個人資料，而第一次臨時台灣戶口調查則進一步查驗更正了這些資料。在已經擁有精確的個人資料的情況下，台灣總督府於1905年頒佈了戶口規則、戶口調查規則，建立了能有效管理人口資料的警察戶口法制。 在警察戶口制的法規範訂立之後，由於刑罰威嚇以及經濟利益引誘的情況下，台灣人民逐漸適應了這套近代型戶口法制。此外，台灣總督府還引進了印鑑、生物特徵等人別辨識方法，分別使用在民事財產關係與刑事用途上。然而，在戶口、印鑑、指紋等制度看似運行順暢的情況下，始終不是戶籍法制的台灣警察戶口法制，仍有其問題存在，而為了解決這些問題，台灣總督府於1935年修正戶口規則等法規範。不過這次修法只有讓戶口規則在形式上更趨近於戶籍法，並未改變其警察戶口制的實質內涵。至於身處在這套法規範之中的人們，對於政府以警察辦理戶政的做法，大多數還是採取順服的態度，僅有少數知識分子有所批評。 在二次大戰後從日本手中取得對台統治權的中華民國政府，一方面承襲了日治時期所累積的戶口資料，在台灣迅速的建立起中華民國戶籍法制；他方面則是承襲了傳統中國法中「以戶口資料來掌控人民狀態」的觀念，繼而將戶籍法制改造為戰時體制下的戶警合一制度，直到1992年才改為戶警分立制。不僅如此，國民身分證與指紋制度也都是以追求國家及社會安全為優先考量：依戶籍法而新發行的國民身分證所具有的身分識別功能，偏向於扮演於協助維護治安的角色；至於一直以來被使用於刑事用途上的指紋檔案，則是政府在於法無據的情況下，把採集範圍從犯罪嫌疑人擴張到全體役男的身上。此外，亦有主張建立全民指紋資料以維護治安的聲音出現。 隨著資訊科技的進步，電子資料庫的想法逐漸成為事實。不僅戶政系統與警察指紋系統等多項政府行政已經於1990年代電子化，而且立法院還在1997年修訂戶籍法時，強制人民必須按捺指紋才能換發新的身分證。據此，行政院先是推出融合身分證、健保、金融等功能的國民卡，然後又退而求其次的改為製發登載指紋資料的身分證。不過，這些計畫最終仍然是因為過度侵害了個人隱私，以釋字六○三號宣告戶籍法第八條第二項、第三項違憲而告結。在這號釋字中，大法官明白揭示了戶籍行政不得作為警察行政之用，而且奠基於資訊隱私權對於個人隱私的保護，政府亦不得逾越限度的向人民索取個人資料。 就人別辨識的議題而言，台灣這一百多年來的歷史徹底凸顯出戶籍被當作警察治安使用的危險性。以此為借鏡，統治者更加應該避免將收集來的個人資料移作他用。而在科技的推波助瀾下，個人身分的辨識在當代社會、乃至於未來都會是一個充滿爭議的問題，屆時，資訊隱私權將是人們用來抵抗國家過度侵害個人隱私領域的最後一道防線。
並列摘要
This thesis tries to investigate the continuity and transformation of the personal identity system in Taiwan. During the period between 1895 and 2010, Empire of Japan and Republic of China have ruled Taiwan, and these two authorites brought in different identity and identification legal systems. This thesis will discuss these regulations in history as well as the Taiwan society ruled by them, and it will be divided into four periods: 1895-1905, 1906-1945, 1945-1992, and 1993-2010. When Taiwan was ruled by the Ch'ing dynasty, there is no absolutely correct data for Taiwaness people. After 1895, Japan began to transplate the modern law concerning identy and identication to Taiwan. At first, the Government-Gerneral of Taiwan couldn’t completely control the whole island. Then, the authority used Pao-chia system to assist police syatem, and the Japan government eliminated the people who rebelled against it. When the Government-Gerneral of Taiwan carried out the census and announced “the Koko rule” in 1905, the basic structure of personal identity legal system in Taiwan is established. Afetr the “the Koko rule” was made, Taiwanese people gradually got familiar with these laws for two reasons. One is that if they do not obey the laws, the courts would punish them. The other reason is that they must apply for the copies of Koko books for land registration. By this way, Taiwanese people got used to this legal system which was enforced by the police. Although Government-General of Taiwan revised the Koko rule in 1935, the koko system was still governed by the police. Beside the Koko system, there were two new ways of identification in Taiwan during the Japanese period: seal and biometric indicator. The former was often appilied for civil cases. The latter referred to fringerprint and other physical characteristics on human body, but this system was only applied on prisoners. The KMT regime cam to Taiwan after the Japanese colonization ended in 1945, and it made somee effects on the legal system concerning personal identity in Taiwan. On the theroical aspect, the new household registration system should be praticed by the personnel of census office. However, the KMT authority combined the police with household registration in order to suppress the communist party of China. Besides, the government created the national identity card system to have every citizen in hand. Moreover, the government considered setting up a national fingerprint system. To sum up, the governmrnt regarded the identity and identification systems as tools to keep public security. The combination of police and household registration ended in1992 after the system of mobilization for suppressing the communist rebellion was over. As the computer technology developed fast in the 1990s, the establishment of personal information database became feasible. The Legislative Yuan amended the Household Registration Law in 1997, and the amended article 8 asked every Taiwanese people to give thire fingerprint to the government. Eventually, the fingerprint database was not set up because this article was aginst the constitution. However, we should learn from the history and always remember the importance of information privacy.
並列關鍵字
identity ； identification ； modern state ； household registration ； police ； personal information ； privacy ； fingerprint ； seal參考文獻
王泰升，《台灣法律史的建立》(台北：自刊，1997年)。
王泰升，《日治時期的法律改革》(台北：聯經，1999年)。
林玉茹、王泰升、曾品滄訪問；吳美慧、吳俊瑩記錄，《代書筆、商人風—百歲人瑞孫江淮先生訪問紀錄》(台北：遠流，2008年10月)。
王泰升，〈台灣民事財產法文化的變遷—以不動產買賣為例〉，《國立台灣大學法學論叢》，第33卷第2期(2004年3月)，頁1-41。
王泰升，〈台灣戰後初期的政權轉替與法律體系的承接(一九四五至一九四九)〉，《國立台灣大學法學論叢》，第29卷第1期(1999年10月)，頁1-90。