受刑人人權之保障是檢視一個國家人權是否進步的重要指標。這包括了受刑人所處監獄之監禁環境、受刑人所受之治療處遇、受刑人權利之行使狀況等。從刑罰的歷史以觀,在現今國際潮流下對於受刑人犯罪行為之處罰大多已脫離了生命刑、身體刑,轉而以自由刑為主。探究自由刑的本質乃是剝奪受刑人之人身自由,但在此命題之下並不當然一併剝奪受刑人其他自由權利。故受刑人雖因刑之執行被剝奪人身自由,但仍享有其他基本權利。 在我國釋字653號、681號以及691號以後,位處特別權力關係最核心的受刑人人權逐漸受到重視,甚至可以視為是特別權力關係的傾倒。受刑人的權利保障不再是只由監獄自己關起來自己審查,受刑人的權利之救濟大門已經逐漸開啟。受刑人也是人,我們雖因為法律的明文規定而可以合法剝奪其人身自由,但並不表示對待受刑人可以如同對待奴隸一般地恣意專斷。故須再進一步的討論是,受刑人實際上究竟享有何種權利,倘若對於受刑人在人身自由以外之權利亦隨入監服刑一併剝奪,那麼空有救濟權利亦毫無實益,故在討論受刑人人權時,除救濟權利外,實體權利亦有討論之必要。另外肯認實體權利後,如何平衡受刑人權利與獄政管理之利益,亦為本文介紹之重點。 在架構的安排上,第一章會提出問題意識,就我國目前實際行刑情形點出以作為切入之觀點。第二章,本文就刑罰之歷史與監獄之功能加以介紹,藉以整理推導出目前刑罰之目的。另外就目前國際行刑潮流相關之公約、規則加以介紹,俾使能對於國際上之行刑態度能有大致之了解。 本文主要撰寫關於受刑人相關權利之介紹,在比較法的文獻上採用了歐洲跨國性標準-歐洲人權公約,以及德國法作為比較法研究之對象。第三章著眼於泛歐洲標準。歐洲人權公約在歐洲人權法院發展下,對於受刑人人權的保障論述逐漸重視。依照歐洲人權公約之規定,受刑人的基本人權包括了使受刑人受到人道對待、家庭生活權利之尊重、通信權利、結婚權利、建立家庭、言論自由、投票權利、宗教自由。在剝奪受刑人人身自由以外仍盡可能地使享有一般人生活之最低水平。 惟,單就泛歐之人權標準尚不足以作為一個細緻內國法規之詳細參考,畢竟跨國性之公約所要求的是最低人權標準,在立法論上僅足以提供作為較大方向之參考,而進一步細緻化之規定仍有賴內國法之規定,故本文在第四章另外採擇德國法規作為比較研究對象。德國自二次大戰以後,法治國原則的嚴格要求逐漸在各個法治層面要求落實,在著名的1972年聯邦憲法法院判決之後更宣告受刑人人權之保障進入新紀元。在德國監獄行刑法運作之後,對於受刑人人權保障不再是停留在傳統的特別權力關係,甚至賦與受刑人在行刑處遇上具有一定之主體性,殊值參考。故本文即欲以上述標準在第五章之檢視我國目前監獄行刑法規與行刑實務是否合理。 受刑人權利並非單就一篇論文即可完整呈現,囿於篇幅與能力之限制,本文在受刑人權利介紹之安排上,首先在第三章歐洲人權公約部分會做一全面性的概覽,再來於後文獻縮在受刑人家庭生活權利下之接見權利加以介紹。在德國法之介紹與第五章我國法之檢討部分,則主要著眼於受刑人接見權利部分加以比較檢討。 本文之立場認為受刑人與一般之公民所得主張的權利差別在於人身自由,換句話說,受刑人在人身自由以外之自由權利皆得享有,僅在有違監獄安全或是秩序利益時,得加以限制之。
Nowadays prisoners’ human right protection has been an important issue in international community. The treatment of prisoners is an important standard to examine the degree of protection of human rights. In view of that, we should try to promote the situation of prisoners in prison. In the thesis, I’ll introduce European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and Prison Act in Germany (StVollzG= Stravollzugsgesetz). After knowing other country’s law and convention, I’ll try to compare our law and rule with foreign law, and by this I’ll try to provide a better suggestion to our country. As Professor Van Zyl Smit point out: “ People are sent to prison as punishment not for punishment.” After all, most prisoners will come back to our society, that we should emphasize the rehabilitation of prisoners (resocialization). In order to achieve that goal, prisoners in prison should not be regarded as mere ruled objects. We should treat them as human not slaves. Prison Act in Taiwan has been legislated in 1946. It was being amending several times, but it was only being amending for some text. There are still many problems in practice of Prison Act in Taiwan. In view of judgments or executive orders in Taiwan we can find out that even some rights of prisoners are incredibly regarded as Prison’s grace. The protection of human rights of prisoners in Taiwan is still insufficient, so we should learn foreign experience to promote the protection of prisoners’ human rights. Here are five chapters in the thesis.In the Chapter1I’ll illustrate the motivation of writing and problem awareness. Second, I’ll arrange the history of prison, the theories of punishment, and the law status of prisoners in Chapter 2. Besides I’ll introduce the internal and European treaties about the protection of prisoners. Next in the Chapter 3 and the Chapter4 I’ll introduce the work of European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and Prison Act in Germany (StVollzG= Stravollzugsgesetz). Then I’ll show the situation of prisoners in Taiwan and compare the development and norm of our Prison Act with Germany and ECHR. At last In the Chapter 6 I’ll make a conclusion about the issue.