一、 看不見又看得見的媒介銷售過程 購物專家身為電視螢光幕上的銷售員,在媒介銷售過程中面臨最大的不確定性在於看不見顧客的面貌。然而,表面上,購物專家「看不見」顧客,但其實他╱她們所「看見」的顧客,比傳統銷售員所見的表象更加深入。 電視購物以現場直播的製作形式、資訊管理平台、即時訊息傳導迴路等機制打造一個準真實的銷售環境。一方面,這些機制可以使顧客「顯影」,讓購物專家藉此拼湊出顧客的年齡、性別等傳統銷售員也可見之的表象。但除此之外,顧客的居住地區、電話,乃致於消費慣行,也在電視購物宛如X光的鏡頭下無所遁形。更重要的,透過這些機制,電視購物可以很快為一項商品找到適合的主人,從原本毫無差異的觀眾中快速抓住(capture)焦點觀眾做為潛在顧客群,這又是傳統銷售員所不及的地方。銷售過程中最大的不確定性被控制,且被降低至最極限,此為電視購物獲利的因素之一。 另一方面,這三個機制也連結起電視購物分散各處的工作者所代表的不同感官功能,讓整個電視購物得以像一個傳統銷售員般與顧客互動。表面上,我們在購物頻道上只看見購物專家,以其形象滔滔不絕地吐出各種銷售話術。但殊不知,在螢光幕的背後,在那不可見的生產內臟地帶,副控室的製作人正執行著傳統銷售員的觀看與思考的功能:以犀利的眼睛從數據中拼湊出焦點觀眾的形貌,以高位數運轉的大腦從湧進的資訊中判斷銷售話術的有效與否。客服員則宛如傳統銷售員的耳朵,執行聆聽的功能,也是與顧客直接聲對聲互動的幕後工作者。這種特殊的生產分工方式,讓在技術位置上主掌概念位置的製作人無管理之名卻具管理之實,在勞動現場上,直接控制、監督著購物專家的表現及一言一行。 二、商品化的剝削本質 購物專家不僅銷售商品,還要販賣形象。剝開銷售員的外衣,購物專家真正的勞動身份是電視購物主持人,幕前工作者的勞動本質使其將己身的形象(當然還有勞動力)商品化。 在形象商品化所鑲嵌的媒介勞動過程中,購物專家逐步積累著形象資本。一方面,高形象資本可以轉換為金錢資本,為購物專家帶來實質的利益。另一方面,在勞動現場中,形象資本可如地位盾牌般保護購物專家,翻轉原有的權力關係,對製作人、廠商行權力支配。在勞資協商場合中,形象資本更可成為購物專家與雇主協商的籌碼,為自己爭取較平等的勞動條件。 表面上,形象與其擁有者不可分割的特性,使形象資本宛如是購物專家的私有財產,是可以隨身攜帶的資本。然而,資本家永遠魔高一丈。購物專家的雇主除了以契約控制購物專家的形象使用權外,也藉此有效掠奪形象資本所帶來的剩餘價值,將原本應該是購物專家的私有財產盜為己用。 購物專家(及所有幕前工作者)要能快速積累形象資本,一定需要握有龐大媒介資源的雇主的奧援才有可能。然而,水能載舟,亦能覆舟。若無法有效掠奪形象資本所帶來的剩餘價值,雇主既然可以「捧」,也可以「冷凍」,摧毀、降低購物專家的形象資本價值。 例如,近來,一位已藉高形象資本而成功明星化的購物專家,在堅持不與雇主續簽長達八年的賣身契後,原本都在收視率最好的時段及頻道主持節目的她,隨即被移到收視率最差的頻道。收視率低,直接影響了她的曝光率及業積達成率,而她好不容易積累起來的形象資本,也可能在沒有媒介資源繼續挹注之下急速減少。 因此,表面上,以己身形象來與大眾互動的購物專家(及所有幕前工作)看似是一種不異化的工作,但其實雇主已藉由契約掠奪形象的使用權與控制權。形象於焉不再是購物專家的私有財產,且成為雇主積累資本的工具。 從勞動力商品化、情緒商品化,到形象商品化,資本主義下的製造業工人、服務業的勞動者,以及看似光鮮亮麗的幕前工作者,皆被施以不同的勞動控制機制以萃取剩餘價值。此即為資本主義生產制度的剝削本質。
How can a seller vend goods to customers if s/he cannot see their face, touch their bodies and talk to them directly? Trying to solve these puzzles, I walked into the hidden abode of TV home shopping industry, doing participate observation in the Taiwan’s largest TV home shopping company. TV home shopping was not introduced to Taiwan until 1992. Its emergence announced the birth of new salespeople, TV home shopping hosts. Not more than a decade, according to news reports, it became a “miracle” in Taiwan’s (media) economy. Since TV home shopping can earn thousands of million dollars in a year, many big corporations are attracted to attempt to occupy this field. Now there are seven TV home shopping channels dominated by three companies in Taiwan. Only walking into the production core of this media consumption industry, one can really uncover the myth of this black box. “On-live” is the most important characteristic of TV home shopping production because it can build a quasi-real selling environment for hosts and control uncertainties from customers through the aids of customer-service sector and one highly-feedback computer system governed by the producer in a controlling room. Furthermore, the producer is one who can really “see” customers’ (the computer can show customers’ age, living area, sex and so on). So, after analyzing data shown on the computer, the producer can guide hosts what kind of customers should they to imagine, and direct them to use what kind of selling skills. In other words, by this on-live production, the new salespeople can use their image to communicate to audience, or potential customers, like traditional sellers do, and the producer who is responsible for “capturing” customers is like their brain and eyes. Therefore I explore the concepts of “commodification of image” and “image capital” to analyze such new salespeople’s mediated labor process since they not only sell various kinds of goods, but vend their images on TV. Both researchers from media study and sociology seldom focus on media workers, my paper can fulfill this lack and give contribution to the labor process theory and media study.