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  • 學位論文

脂多醣活化鞘氨醇激酶通過鞘氨醇激酶/鞘氨醇激酶受器4/第二型絲氨酸蛋白酶訊息傳遞進而促進前列腺癌細胞的侵襲和轉移

Activation of Sphingosine Kinase by Lipopolysaccharide Promotes Prostate Cancer Cell Invasion and Metastasis via SphK1/S1PR4/Matriptase

指導教授 : 李明學

摘要


近年來臺灣攝護腺癌發生率持續攀高,直追歐美國家。儘管在早期診斷及治療方法的改善,根據美國癌症協會統計,在美國攝護腺癌每一年將造成30,000人死亡及新產生十倍於死亡人數的病歷。根據台灣癌症登錄平台數據,從2008到2014年間,攝護腺癌發生率一直維持在國人第五名,而死亡率則維持在7~8名間。攝護腺癌治療上的主要挑戰是如何克服抗藥性,抗賀爾蒙療法及惡化具轉移性的攝護腺癌。最新研究指出失調的男性賀爾蒙受體訊息,細胞周圍蛋白酶水解作用,發炎或血管新生作用,均是引起攝護腺癌惡化和轉移的主要原因。在抗賀爾蒙療法攝護腺癌腫瘤微環境中,一些發炎相關因子(如脂多醣)或脂肪代謝物(如溶血磷脂酸)常被發現有異常增高的現象,暗示著這些因子及相關代謝物可能參與抗賀爾蒙療法攝護腺癌的產生與促進此疾病的惡化。從臨床攝護腺癌病人的組織中發現高比率的攝護腺癌組織有格蘭氏陰性菌的感染,因此本篇研究進一步地探討格蘭氏陰性細菌產生的脂多醣是否會影響攝護腺癌細胞生長與移動侵襲能力與釐清其分子作用機制。結果發現在脂多醣的刺激下,能增進攝護腺癌細胞移動侵襲的能力。絲氨酸蛋白酶抑制劑能有效地抑制脂多醣所促進攝護腺癌細胞移動侵襲力,但金屬蛋白酶抑制劑較無此效果。初步結果指出絲氨酸蛋白酶在由脂多醣所促進攝護腺癌惡化過程中扮演重要角色。經質譜分析與生化相關研究,發現絲胺酸蛋白酶Matriptase (間質蛋白酶)在脂多醣刺激的攝護腺癌細胞中大量活化並釋放至細胞外並參與由脂多醣促進的攝護腺癌細胞侵襲能力。根據Matriptase活化的促進物中,我們發現到脂多醣刺激攝護腺癌細胞會提升此癌細胞分泌一種脂質結構的訊息傳遞分子鞘胺醇1-磷酸鹽 (Shingosine-1 phosphate, S1P) 至細胞外。在攝護腺癌細胞以及病人組織實驗中,脂多醣刺激會促進磷酸化鞘胺激酶移至細胞膜附近進而將其受質鞘胺醇磷酸化產生鞘胺醇1-磷酸鹽(S1P),並促進Matriptase的活化。由脂多醣所促進攝護腺癌細胞製造的鞘胺醇1-磷酸鹽(S1P)會透過自分泌及旁分泌的方法,活化鞘胺醇1-磷酸鹽的受體 [鞘胺醇1-磷酸鹽受體4 (S1PR4)],刺激癌細胞本身及鄰近周遭的細胞,以增進攝護腺癌細胞的侵襲轉移能力。同樣的現象我們也進一步在動物實驗中確認,當降低鞘胺激酶的表達,可壓制攝護腺癌腫瘤生長與轉移能力。另一方面,我們也分析病人組織切片,發現在具高表達SphK1的攝護腺癌病人,有較差的存活率。我們的結果指出脂多醣可促進鞘胺激酶移動至細胞膜,製造鞘胺醇1-磷酸鹽(S1P),經由鞘胺醇1-磷酸鹽受體4 (S1PR4)與間質蛋白酶活化,提升攝護腺癌細胞侵襲轉移能力。因此,此研究果指出鞘胺激酶未來可以當成一個研發藥物或治療策略的標靶目標,以達到抑制腫瘤生長與轉移的能力。

並列摘要


Gram-negative bacteria have been found to be a major bacterial population in prostatitis and prostate cancer (PCa) tissues. A component of antigen in bacterial cell wall is lipopolysaccharide (LPS) which can act a stimulator in inflammation in some cancer types but has not been fully studied in PCa. In this study, we examined the effect of LPS on the invasion of PCa cells. Interestingly, LPS can enhance the invasiveness of PCa but had no significant effect on PCa cell viability. We reveal matriptase, a member of the membrane-anchored serine protease family, plays a key role in LPS-induced PCa cell invasion by using protease inhibitor screening and biochemical analyses. We further demonstrate Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4, LPS receptor)- sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) signaling underlies LPS-induced matriptase activation and PCa cell invasion. Specifically, LPS induced the S225 phosphorylation of SphK1 and the translocation of SphK1 to plasma membrane, leading to the production of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), ERK1/2 and matriptase activation via S1P receptor 4 (S1PR4). This phenomenon is further validated using patient-derived explant (PDE) model. Indeed, there is a significant correlation among the elevated SphK1 levels, the Gleason grades of PCa specimens and the poor survival of PCa patients. Taken together, this study demonstrates a potential impact of LPS on PCa progression. Our results provide a new finding of the role of bacterial infection in PCa progression and a potential therapeutic target(s) associated with PCa metastasis.

並列關鍵字

Prostate cancer LPS Matriptase Sphingosine Shingosine-1 Phosphate SphK1 S1PR4

參考文獻


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