魏晉服議中的經權研究

摘要本論文研究魏晉服議中的經權觀念，並探究其產生原因。論文所稱「服議」，指學者討論喪服相關議題之言論。論文首先勾勒魏晉時代背景，作為研究之基礎。影響服議的因素甚多，其中最主要的為社會、學術、時代思潮三大因素，故第二章討論門第社會的形成與興盛、魏晉經學之狀況以及重情思潮。第三章焦點在儒典中的經權思想，相較於前章，本章可謂思想之背景。第一節論述《周易》、《論》、《孟》、《春秋公羊傳》以及《荀子》的經權觀，乃學者議論之知識基礎。第二節論述喪服論中的經權思想，包括《儀禮‧喪服》、《禮記》相關篇章、《荀子‧禮論》中的「稱情而立文」以及戰國竹書中的喪服論，此為服議理論之直接來源。　　第四章研究服議中守經之議論。第一節研究名實辨析。「名實」影響政治與家族人倫，歷來受到重視。魏晉之政治人倫頗異於前代，門閥婚姻使士族本宗內之人際關係趨於複雜，故學者屢屢致意於此。第二節論與血緣繼承相關之服議。血緣繼承為經典之制，而議論內容卻出現許多因應時勢的變制，凸顯時人雖堅持守經，而依舊具有權變的靈活思維。第三節論經典詮釋在服議中的運用。多數學者為使論點符合時代需求，且不違離經典，往往透過重新詮釋經典以遂其願，此在守經之中而略顯權變之內涵。　　第五章研究服議中權變之議論，凸顯「情」字的人情與情實之義。第一節論重情思潮引起學者對經典成制重新思考，在面對情感與制度的衝突時，提出與傳統經說衝突卻符合人情的論點。第二節論時代轉變，經典不足濟世時，學者如何應對現實需求，其中論及「二嫡妻」、「異姓為後」等違背經典卻符合時代需求的變制；並凸顯議論在權變之中，依舊蘊含守經之義。第三節論「以己意推論經說」及「禮疑從重」的議論，這兩種論述常見於不同服議中，應予探究。　　末章討論「經權並重」之議論，包括「故事」、「心喪」、「奔喪」、「短喪、既葬除喪」、「公除」等的運用。這些作法或制度來源於經典，這是對「經」的重視，而在實際上透過擴大運用範圍來應對現實需求，此即「權」與「變」，藉此進行權力鬥爭、滿足個人情感、穩定政治秩序。從這些現象看來，經典在當時依然具有極高價值，此為本論文希望提供經學史的不同思考點。

關鍵字

魏晉；服議；經權；詮釋；情感

並列摘要

Abstract The dissertation concerns with the discussion for constancy-expediency of mourning practice in Wei and Jin dynasty, and explores the causes of the discussion. For the foundation of this research, the author describes the background of Wei and Jin dynasty. There are many external factors which influence the discussion of mourning practice, including political, social, academic factors and the trend of thought. Therefore, the focus in chapter two is on how does the pedigree thrive, and the situation on the study of Chinese classics, and the trend thought of valuing affection. In chapter three, the focus is the constancy-expediency thought of Chinese classics.Compared to the previous chapter, the content in this chapter can be described as the thought background of Wei and Jin dynasty. The author expounds the thought of constancy-expediency in “Chou Yi”, “the analects of Confucius” , ” analects of Mencius”, “Chun qiou Gong Yang zhuan” and “Xun Zi” in the first section. The focus in second section is about the ideas of constancy-expediency in mourning practice, including “Sang Fu”, “Li Ji”, the idea of “establishing rituals appropriate to qi” in “Xun Zi” and the discussion for mourning practice in bamboo manuscripts of the warring states period. These are the direct sources of discussion for mourning practice in Wei and Jin dynasty. The theme of chapter four is the opinion of following the principles of “Sang Fu”. Debating on “name and reality” is the focus in the first section. “Name and reality” deeply influences politics and family relationship. Hence, the scholars put great emphasis on them. There are great differences between Wei and Jin dynasty with previous dynasties in politics relationship. And marriages among high family standing cause complicated relations among members of the gentry in their own clan. The central issue in the second section is about blood-relationship inheritance. This kind of inheritance is following Chinese classical principles. However, owing to the turbulent period, there are many different opinions which show people who following the regulation still have flexible thoughts. The third section is centering on classics interpretation. In Wei and Jin dynasty, many scholars who participate in discussion about mourning practice tend to make their opinions comply with the rules of Chinese classical principles, and they usually accomplish the purpose by reinterpreting classics. The theme of chapter five is the discussion for expediency of mourning practice, and highlighted the meanings of “qi”, which means affection towards people and the situation of reality. In the first section, the author discusses about the trend of emphasis on affection, which makes scholars in Wei and Jin dynasty rethink the principles of classics, and make them put forward some opinions which go against the principles of classics, but conforms the needs of affection. In the second section, the focus is on the change of times which the principle of classics could not keep up, and what do scholars in Wei and Jin do about it. There are two important issues about it: “two wives” and “heirs of different second name”. These two issues go against the principle of classics, but conform the needs of reality. Furthermore, the two issues demonstrate that constancy contains expediency ,and expediency contains constancy. In the third section, we focus on two essentials, including “inferring the interpretations of classics from one’s own understanding”, and “following kind ways to practice mourning ”. The scholars in Wei and Jin often use the two ways to solve realistic predicaments. They need to be made a thorough inquiry. The last chapter focuses on the opinions which equally attach importance to constancy and expediency, including “following precedents”, “mourning inward”, “hastening to funeral”, “shortening mourning period”, and “ending mourning for public affairs”. All these methods or systems come from classics, and this shows that people in Wei and Jin still value the principles of classics. And when they use these methods or systems in practice, they usually use in different ways or expand the range of application to respond to the realistic needs, which can be regarded as expediency. In this way, people take power, satisfy their own affection, stabilize political orders. Keywords: Wei and Jin dynasty, the discussion of mourning practice, constancy-expediency, interpretation, affection.