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  • 學位論文

獎額分配方式對學習成就的影響-從經濟學的角度探討

How Does Allocation of Prizes Effect on Learning Achievement-An Economical Approach

指導教授 : 莊委桐

摘要


教育現場中常有競賽形式的學習活動。這些競賽獎項的獎額(獎狀、獎品、記功、獎學金……等等),通常依名次高低有所不同;也有一些競賽活動是若干名優勝者共享相同獎項。於是我們想釐清一個問題:在固定的總獎額(預算)下,獎項數量和獎額分配比例會對學生的預期學習成就產生怎麼樣的影響。 本文以異質玩者、完全資訊的全額支付賽局進行分析。我們假定玩者的能力取對數後符合常態分布,考慮線性函數以及二次函數這兩種學習成本函數。計算兩種不同的獎額分配方式(同質性獎項與異質性獎項),在各個不同獎項數量下,學生的預期學習成就,從而討論獎額分配方式對預期學習成就的影響。 通常在教育現場會設立多個獎項,並區分出各種不同獎項。但我們發現,在學習成本為線性函數的假設下,設置單一獎項時,學生的預期學習成就,遠高於設置多個獎項時,學生的預期學習成就。而且在多數狀況下,獎項分配為同質性時,學生的預期學習成就,會高於獎項分配為異質性時,學生的預期學習成就。 而在學習成本為二次函數的假設下,設置多個獎項時,學生的預期學習成就通常會高於設置單一獎項時的預期學習成就。另外,雖然在我們的參數設定下,獎項分配為同質性時,學生的預期學習成就,皆高於獎項分配為異質性時,學生的預期學習成就。但我們可以從學習成本為線性函數的研究結果中,合理地相信這並非必然的結果,而只是參數設定使然。

並列摘要


Competitions are often held in Taiwanese schools. These awards are usually multiple and heterogeneous. We’d like to know how does allocation of prizes affect students’ expected learning achievement. This thesis studies complete-information, all-pay contests with 5 asymmetric players. We examine different amounts of prizes (1 to 4), different types of prizes (homogeneous or heterogeneous), and different learning cost functions (linear or quadratic). Interestingly, if the learning costs are linear functions, the students’ expected learning achievement in the case of single prize is higher than that in the case of multiple prizes. And the students’ expected learning achievement in the case of homogeneous prizes is usually higher than that in the case of heterogeneous prizes. But when the learning costs are quadratic functions, the students’ expected learning achievement in the case of multiple prizes is usually higher than that in the case of single prize. And the students’ expected learning achievement in the case of homogeneous prizes is usually higher than that in the case of heterogeneous prizes.

參考文獻


1. Ron Siegel (2009): “All-Pay Contests,” Econometrica, 77, 71-92. [75-79, 83, 86]
2. Ron Siegel (2010): “Asymmetric Contests with Conditional Investments,”
American Economic Review, 100, 2230-2260. [2256]
3. Benny Moldovanu and Aner Sela (2001): “The Optimal Allocation of Prizes in
Contests,” American Economic Review, 91, 542-558. [548, 549]

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