快速堆肥穩定糞便之最佳化條件-以豬糞為例

Rapid Composting and Stabilizing of Feces–A Case Study with Pig Manure

湯貽瑄(Yi-Hsuan Tang)

指導教授 ： 吳先琪

國立臺灣大學/工學院/環境工程學研究所/碩士(2016年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU201603428

摘要

聯合國2015年統計全球目前仍有24億人在戶外如廁，未經處理的糞尿暴露戶外會污染水質及土壤，並直接或間接造成兒童腹瀉甚至死亡，因此解決較落後國家的如廁問題迫在眉睫。目前生態廁所概念逐漸受到關注，希望未來的廁所能符合衛生功能、生態友好及免水功能，並以最經濟的成本現地處理糞尿。
本研究使用自製堆肥槽體處理豬糞以取代人糞並添加副資材進行堆肥化處理，利用微生物生長代謝有機物，並且控制堆肥溫度及水分，並監測每日物理性指標如：pH、導電度及水分、化學性指標：總凱氏氮、總有機碳以及C/N值及生物性指標：發芽率、相對發芽率以及糞生大腸桿菌，以了解堆肥物料在堆肥過程中的變化，並評估生態廁所利用堆肥技術的可行性。
本研究結果發現(1)豬糞在堆肥過程中導電度趨勢皆為逐漸下降，pH值維持在鹼性下。(2)碳元素比例下降小、氮素損失問題嚴重，因此C/N值高。(3)水分保持恆定及溫度維持高溫產物的穩定化，降低對環境生態的衝擊。(4)高溫及低水分下的條件有助於消滅糞生大腸桿菌，但是水分不得過低。
最後本研究利用加權平均法得知水分保持恆定及溫度維持50℃的批次，是最佳實驗批次，用本堆肥設備處理動物排泄物，具備高度發展性。

關鍵字

生態廁所 ； 堆肥化 ； 豬糞 ； 發芽率 ； 糞生大腸桿菌

並列摘要

There are still 2.4 billion people practicing open defecation around the world in 2015 according to United Nations’ statistics. Untreated human feces will not only pollute the environmental waters and soils but may also cause human deseases and even death. Accordingly, we must solve the problems of open defecation in areas without flushing toilet or sanitary sewer system. The concept of Eco-toilets has emerged. Eco-toilets should ensure hygienic functions, be environmental friendly, require little to no water and treat human feces in-situ. Besides, the design principles of eco-toilets should be well aligned with economic consideration.
In this study a composting system was established to stabilize pig manure, which was used to mimic human feces. The tested system includes a composting vessel, temperature and moisture controling devices and supplying materials. Physical indicators, such as pH value, conductivity and moisture content, chemical indexes, including total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total organic carbon, and C/N ratio, and biological indicators, including germination rate, relative germination rate and fecal coliforms were monitored during each cycle of batch-type composting test.
The results of this study revealed that pH value was maintained slightly alkali, C / N ratio was raised due to significant nitrogen loss, and pig manure could be stabilized under suitable moisture content and temperature in 7 days.
Finally, we found that the best operational condition for batch-type composting is under 50 ℃, moisture content at 45% and with appropriate amount of seeding and bulking materials.

並列關鍵字

Eco- toilets ； composting ； pig manure ； germination rate ； fecal coliforms

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