環境刑法及其不法利得沒收–以廢棄物犯罪為中心

環境刑法，現代新興風險刑法之一，亦屬廣義經濟刑法之一環，對於穩定社會系統之功能尤為重要。然我國學理長期漠視之，直至 2017 年司法改革國是會議作成決議，及 2018 年立法者蕭規曹隨地修正刑法第 190 條之 1 之構成要件始引發立法者及學說上之討論。然實務上對此早已不陌生，尤其廢棄物犯罪在實務上屢見不鮮，其牽涉循環經濟之龐大利益，因此，廢棄物刑法的構成要件設計、適用，以及不法利得剝奪的認定、計算，皆極為重要。本文遂搭上此班修法風潮的順風車，深入研究刑法第 190 條之 1 修正理由所敘明師法的德國環境刑法法制，以作為我國環境刑法之適用與解釋，並展望未來修訂之方向;另深入探討環境犯罪之利得沒收剝奪，地毯式檢討實務見解及案例。總的來說，本文認為環境刑法不宜再將多種環境媒介制定於同一構成要件之中、應以「抽象危險犯」或「適性犯」作為犯罪基礎類型、重新理解刑法廢棄物概念、應以廢棄物清理法第 46 條第 4 款犯罪為修正中心，且尤應注意環境犯罪中的節省成本利得，及廢棄物犯罪的特性與連帶沒收於此的重要性。

關鍵字

環境刑法；累積犯；廢棄物；委託清理；犯罪利得沒收；節省成本；連帶沒收

並列摘要

The environmental criminal law, one of the emerging modern risk criminal law, and a part of the economic criminal law, is particularly important for stabilizing the function of the social system. However, it had been ignored by our country's academic theory for a long time until the national conference of judicial reform in 2017, in which the meeting made a resolution. Also, in 2018 the legislator amended the constitutive elements of Article 190-1 of the Criminal Law. However, cases involving the environmental criminal law has been appearing in practice long ago, especially waste crimes, which often involves huge profits. Therefore, the design and application of the constituent elements of the waste criminal law, as well as the identification and calculation of illegal proceeds, are extremely important. In this article, the German environmental criminal law is investigated in-depth for the application and interpretation of our environmental criminal law, and prospects the direction of future revisions. In addition, the confiscation of environmental crimes is discussed extenstively, and the judgements and cases are reviewed comprehensively. In summary, this article believes that the environmental criminal law should no longer enacts multiple environmental elements in the same constituent element, but instead use "abstract crime of danger" or "crime of adequateness" as the basic type of environmental criminal law. Furthermore, the concept of waste in the criminal law should be re-examined and use the Article 46, Paragraph 4 of the Waste Disposal Act as the basic type of waste criminal law. Finally, the cost-saving benefits in environmental crimes should be focused, as well as the characteristics of waste crimes and the importance role of joint confiscation in waste crimes.