- 學位論文
誰會成為公務員：能力、動機與機會因素之探究
Who Will Become Public Servants: An Application of the Ability-Motivation-Opportunity Framework
摘要
我國有關公務員的相關研究成果豐碩，但多數研究都是聚焦在成為公務員後的行為模式，較少關注在成為公務員前，其家庭、學校教育及社會脈絡是如何影響其是否選擇在公部門工作，亦即誰會去當公務員。 在公部門工作，涉及的不僅是個人興趣、能力，同時也會受到家庭、學校教育、社會環境的影響。首先，因為過往研究缺乏公、私部門兩者的資料，以及串連成為公務員之前與之後的資料，以致許多根本性的問題未能完整回答，例如兩部門的平均人力素質是否有所差異？其次，要成為公務員究竟是能力、動機還是機會的因素影響較大？本研究使用「臺灣教育長期追蹤資料庫」及其後續調查，其中包含學生的能力測驗、家庭背景等資料，能夠更全面地瞭解影響選擇至公部門就業的因素。此外，本研究也分析經濟景氣的高低，是否也會影響其至公部門工作之選擇，將資料庫資料進一步納入經濟景氣相關指標後，可以增補社會脈絡對公部門人力市場的影響。最後，本研究運用資料庫中公職補習的資料，初步分析公職補習對於成為公務人員的影響效果。 本研究主要發現，公部門人員於高中職時期之平均認知能力較私部門優秀。雖然能力與部分動機面向對成為公務員有正面影響，但機會面向的影響亦不容小覷。另外從社會層次的角度也發現，公部門拉力不若私部門推力；而動機與經濟因素則是對不同性別有不同影響。最後，公職補習的效果可能肇因於自我選擇而產生，實際效益並不如預期的大。
並列摘要
There has been abundant research relating to public servants in Taiwan, however, most of the research focuses on the public servants’ behaviors, after they became one. Few studies pay attention to the influence of an individual’s family, school education, and social context which affect the individual’s choice to work in public sectors. Namely, what type of individual will become public servants? The decision to work in the public sector is not only attributable to personal interest and ability, but also attributable to the influence of an individual’s family, school education, and social context. Firstly, as past research often lacks workers’ data from both the public and private sectors, as well as omitting the data from prior- versus post- becoming a public servant, the insufficient data lead to incomplete analysis to many fundamental questions – for example, are there quality discrepancies in the averaged human resources between the two sectors? Secondly, what is the most influential factor for people to choose the public sector? Is it the ability, motivation, or opportunity? This study employs the Taiwan Education Panel Survey (TEPS) and its follow-up surveys. TEPS includes multidimensional information of students, such as cognitive ability and family background. These data enable the study to understand, more comprehensively, the influential factors of people who chose to work in the public sector. Besides, this study analyzes the relationship between macroeconomic indicators and people choosing to work in the public sector. Combining the macroeconomic indicators with the TEPS database enhances the understanding of how social context influences the human resource market of the public sector. Lastly, this study leverages the information from cram schools for public servants to analyze the effectiveness of cram schools on passing the national civil service examination. This study finds that the public servants demonstrated a higher cognitive ability than workers in private sectors during senior high school period. Although the ability and motivation factors influence people positively to work in the public sector, the effects of the opportunity factor should not be underestimated. This study also finds that from a societal angle, the pulling forces of the public sector is not as strong as the pushing forces of the private sector; interestingly, motivation and macroeconomic conditions seem to have distinct influences on different genders. In conclusion, this study finds that the effect of cram schools may result from the individual’s selection bias and the actual benefits of cram schools are less than expected.