- 學位論文
全球價值鏈國際分割的分析:以台灣主要高科技產業為例
Analysis of International Fragmentation in Global Value Chains: Evidence of Taiwan's Major High-Tech Industries
摘要
本研究開發一個「整合」和「槓桿」效應的分析架構，旨在分析全球價值鏈國際分割的現象中產品和產業的發展和演變。全球價值鏈的結構為基於全球生產和服務的相互鏈結和相互依存的網絡，本研究結合內在化和外在化的觀點以整合效應和槓桿效應來分析於全球價值鏈國際分割的參與程度。本研究的分析項目為台灣5項主要的高科技產品及3項主要的高科技產業。分析對象為台灣主要貿易夥伴：中國大陸、日本、美國和韓國。分析時期為2007至2019年。本研究主要分析方面：第一，全球價值鏈的理論探究。第二，開發「整合和槓桿效應」的分析架構來分析在全球價值鏈國際分割的參與程度。第三，建構整合及槓桿效應的參與程度的指標，並以參與程度呈現的效應來推論升級及治理的水平。於整合效應參與程度指標，以附加價值創造、全球生產網絡和出口訂單的國外及國內的生產傳播長度的四個指數來評估價值創造的分佈活動的參與程度，於槓桿效應參與程度指標，以對外及對內投資和出口訂單的國外生產的對外投資及國內生產的對內投資的四個指數來評估資源分配活動的參與程度。第四，應用「微笑曲線」概念及「供需關係」結構建立「生產者-鏈結」及「買者-鏈結」模型來衡量整合效應的參與程度和導致的升級水平的範圍，及以「生產者-拉動」及「買者-推動」模型來衡量槓桿效應的參與程度和導致的治理水平的範圍。第五，建構對整合效應參與程度指數的比較優勢影響因素及對槓桿效應參與程度指數的競爭優勢影響因素，探討此些參與程度是如何及為何受到影響。DOP指數估計結果顯示，產品類別大多數處於第3及第4價值鏈階段，而產品的國內生產趨向第2及第3價值鏈階段，產業類別之對外投資及生產趨向第3及第4價值鏈階段，而對內投資及生產趨向第1、2及3價值鏈階段。本研究採用縱橫資料的方法來估計此些影響因素對個別產品和產業的參與程度指數的影響，及個別產品和產業在貿易區塊網絡的國家的效應。估計結果顯示人力資源和效率以及人口增長的市場潛力是影響參與程度(內部和外部)的主要影響因素。在國與國之間的互動關係中，在價值創造的分佈活動的整合上與中國及美國之間的鏈結關係較為密切。在槓桿資源分配的投資活動中與周邊國家韓國、日本的配置關係較為密切，而在槓桿資源分配的訂單的生產活動的投資中與美國、日本的配置關係較為密切。本研究提出的研究架構和方法旨為填補全球價值鏈的理論基礎、實證分析和研究方法的研究缺口，對全球價值鏈的參與、升級和治理的相關研究做出貢獻，並為未來相關研究和政策制定者提供新的見解和啟示。
並列摘要
This study develops an analysis framework of “integration” and “leverage” effects – “IL framework” aims to analyze the development and evolution of products and industries in the phenomenon of the international fragmentation of global value chains (GVCs). Since the structure of GVCs is based on the network of interlinkage and interdependence of global production and services, this study combines the perspectives of internalization and externalization to analyze the degree of participation (DOP) in the international fragmentation of GVCs with the integration (I) effect and leverage (L) effect. The analysis items of this study are Taiwan’s five major high-tech products and three major high-tech industries. The analysis objects are Taiwan’s major trading partners: China, Japan, the United States and Korea. The analysis period is from 2007-2009. The main analytical aspects of this study are: First, the theoretical exploration of GVCs. Second, develop an analysis framework of I and L effects to analyze the DOP in the international fragmentation of GVCs. Third, construct DOP indices of I and L effects, and infer the levels of upgrading and governance presented by the DOP effects. In the I effect - DOP index, four indicators of value-added creation, global production network and propagation length in foreign and domestic production of export orders are proposed to estimate the DOP of value creation distribution activities. In the L effect - DOP index, four indicators of foreign investment and domestic investment, and foreign investment in foreign production and domestic investment in domestic production of export orders are proposed to estimate the DOP of resource allocation activities. Fourth, apply the concept of smile curve and the structure of supply-demand relationships to develop the producer-linkage and buyer-linkage models to measure the range of the I effect - DOP and the resulting upgrading level, and the producer-pull and buyer-push models to measure the range of the L effect - DOP and the resulting governance level. Fifth, construct the influencing factors of comparative advantage on the I effect - DOP indicators and the influencing factors of competitive advantage on the L effect - DOP indicators to explore how and why these DOPs are affected. The estimation results of DOP indicators show that most product categories are at the 3rd and 4th value chain stages, while domestic production of product tends to be at the 2nd and 3rd value chain stages, and in the industry categories, foreign investment and production tend to be at the 3rd and 4th value chain stages, while domestic investment and production tend to be at the 1st, 2nd and 3rd value chain stages. This study uses the method of panel data analysis to estimate the impact of these influencing factors on the DOP indicators of individual products and industries and the effects of individual products and industries in the countries of the trading block network. The estimation results show that the human resources and efficiency and the market potential of population growth are the main influencing factors affecting the DOPs (both internally and externally). In the interactive relationships between countries, the linkage relationships with China and the United States are relatively close in the integration of distribution activities of value creation. In the investment activities of leverage resource allocation, the configuration relationships with the neighboring countries of Korea and Japan are relatively close, while in the investment in the production of export orders activities of leverage resource allocation, the configuration relationships with the United States and Japan are relatively close. The research framework and methods proposed in this study attempt to fill the research gaps in the theoretical foundation, empirical analysis and research methods of GVC, and to contribute to the related studies on the participation, upgrading and governance in the GVCs, and provide new insights and implications for future related research and policy makers.