我國天文潮差甚大,最大暴潮偏差出現時間常與當時最高高潮位出現時間不一致,有時相差甚遠。當颱風過境時,若適逢農曆朔望天文大潮時,所造成的水位抬升會更大,甚至可能在沿海地區發生海水倒灌。以淡水河為例,若河口水位比河川內水位為高時,常造成海水倒灌,並造成河川水量難以排出,進而使河川內水位抬升,產生河川水位溢堤的嚴重威脅。 一般暴潮發生之海岸地區,海岸線常為不規則之曲線,進行數值模式模擬時,有限差分數值方法是一種方便而常用的計算方法,但因有限差分之網格與海岸線不符合而有不易掌握的數值誤差存在。有鑑於此,本文引入邊界符合座標系統,將不規則區域轉換成矩形區域,並在矩形區域中形成網格來推算其網格座標點及偏導數。並在矩形計算平面系統上,使方便的有限差分之數值方法能夠增加數值計算的準確度。 傳統暴潮模式在計算颱風風場時,大部分皆以理想風場模擬近似實際風場。而理想風場之優點為計算方便,但理想風場多半為假設颱風風場呈圓形且對稱之分佈,但在實際颱風風場之情形為颱風接近陸地時,易受陸地地形影響而改變風場分佈。因此,本文除了使用理想風場做出我國四個區域暴潮偏差量之計算外,另外亦在四個區域外海,使用多點實測風速資料擬合颱風風場,以期能以更接近實際的風場作為計算的輸入條件,本文將推算之實際風場計算結果與利用理想風場之計算結果進行分析比較。 為驗證本模式之可靠性,本文以實際颱風案例當作暴潮模式參數之輸入檔,暴潮之模擬計算加入使用理想風場計算我國四個區域暴潮偏差量,及利用多點實測風速資料擬合颱風風場計算四個區域暴潮偏差量,且將此暴潮偏差量與由潮位資料分離出之實際暴潮偏差量,進行分析與比較。由計算結果顯示,理想風場模式與擬合颱風風場模式大致均能掌握暴潮變化之趨勢,而理想風場可作為缺乏實際風場資料或計算未受陸地影響之風場結構時的替代輸入,而大部分案例,擬合颱風風場模式計算值較接近實際暴潮偏差量,因此擬合颱風風場模式未來應可配合詳密之觀測資料網加以應用推廣。
Storm surge is a meteorological tide with abnormal rise of sea level, and is mainly induced by effects of tropical low pressure, especially typhoons in the case of Taiwan. It causes many life casualties and property loses. On the typhoon path, coastal water level rises compared with astronomical tide. It is important to forecast storm surge at river mouth section and coastal areas. This research is to develop a numerical model by employing a boundary-fitted coordinate system. It transforms an irregular plane into a rectangular computational plane. Finite difference method with a predictor-corrector scheme is applied to continuity and momentum equations in the rectangular domain. Sea level departure from mean sea level is then calculated. Traditionally, storm surge model had assumed that wind structure is cylindrically symmetrical in typhoon model. In this study, field wind velocity measurements are used to calculate the surge during typhoons. Numerical results of storm surges by using cylindrically wind structure and field wind velocities are compared. Very closed comparisons are found. In order to demonstrate present model of storm surges, some recorded typhoons are used as examples. Calculated storm surges in coastal regions at Taimsui, Keelung, Hwalien and Kaohsiung are compared with field measurements. Present model shows reasonable forecast capability.